1 Introduction
In 1750 BC, a great flood occurred in the upper reaches of the Cephisus River, north of Mount Parnassus. The Ectenes, led by Ogygus, migrated downstream of the Cephisus River and settled southeast of Lake Copais. [1]
Ogygus was the ancestor of the Athenians. [2]
In 1580 BC, the Ectenes were oppressed by other tribes, including the Hyantes, and left some of their people behind to emigrate to Thessaly and Egypt.
It is believed that many Ectenes also migrated to Attica.
In 1465 BC, Xuthus, son of Hellen, who had fled Thessaly, gathered the scattered people living in northeastern Attica and founded four towns. [3]
2 Migration from Argos to Eleusis
In 1580 BC, Trochilus, a mystic priest and son of Callithyia, a priestess at the Temple of Hera in Argos, migrated from Argos to Eleusis. He brought the rituals practiced at the Temple of Hera to Eleusis. [4]
3 Migration from Egypt to Attica (First Migration)
In 1562 BC, Cecrops led the Ectenes in a migration from Sais, Egypt, to Attica. [5]
Cecrops was the son of a leader of the Ectenes who migrated to Egypt from near Lake Copais in 1580 BC. Cecrops spoke two languages and was called "Diphyes." [6]
Cecrops' migration was likely due to the loss of his homeland by a tsunami. It is believed that Cecrops migrated with many people.
3.1 Founding of Athens
In 1561 BC, Cecrops founded Cecropia (later Athens) and became its first king. [7]
Before Cecropia, the city was called Acte or Actica. [8]
However, the following legend suggests that the name Athens existed during Cecrops' time.
1) Cecrops named the city Athens after the goddess Athena. [9]
2) Athena was called Sais in Egypt. [10]
3) Cecrops founded Athens in Boeotia. [11]
In other words, the Athenians were born in Cecropia, Attica.
4 Migration from Egypt to Attica (Second Migration)
In 1515 BC, Cranaus led the Pelasgians in a migration from Egypt to Attica. [12]
Cranaus became the second king of Athens, and the Pelasgians came to be called Cranaans. [13]
4.1 Migration from Thessaly to Athens
In 1503 BC, Amphictyon, son of Deucalion, migrated from Thessaly to Athens and married Cranaus' daughter. [14]
Amphictyon succeeded Cranaus as the third king of Athens. [15]
5 Migration from Egypt to Attica (Third Migration)
In 1492 BC, Erichthonius, son of Atthis, daughter of Cranaus, led the Pelasgians from Egypt to Athens. [16]
Erichthonius succeeded Amphictyon as the fourth king of Athens. [17]
6 Migration from Thessaly to Attica
In 1470 BC, Xuthus, son of Hellen, was expelled from Thessaly by his brothers, Aeolus and Dorus, and emigrated to Attica. [18]
Xuthus founded Tetrapolis (Oenoe, Marathon, Probalinthus, Tricorynthus) in northeastern Attica. [19]
6.1 Migration to Aegialus
In 1442 BC, Xuthus migrated from Attica to Aegialus (later Achaia). [20]
The Athenians who migrated to Aegialus changed their name to Achaeans or Ionians.
The genealogy of the Achaeans is described in "Genealogy of the Achaeans."
The genealogy of the Ionians is described in "Genealogy of the Ionians."
7 Invasion of Eumolpus
In 1415 BC, Eumolpus invaded Attica, and the Athenians sought refuge with the Gephyraeans, who lived near Tanagra in Boeotia. [21]
7.1 Migration from Boeotia to Athens
As a result of this event, Erechtheus, the sixth king of Athens, married Praxithea. [22]
In 1392 BC, along with Praxithea, the Gephyraeans who lived around Tanagra migrated to Athens. [23]
7.2 Migration from Thessaly to Eleusis
After the battle, Eumolpus settled in Eleusis. [24]
The people who migrated to Eleusis with Eumolpus were likely Pelasgians living in Thessaly.
7.3 Migration from Aegialus to Attica
Ion, son of Xuthus, who fought alongside the Athenians, led the Ionians from Aegialus to Potami in Attica.
7.4 Migration from Attica to Aegina
The inhabitants of Oenoe in Attica migrated to Aegina. [25]
8 Migration to Thracia
In 1390 BC, Boreas led a group of immigrants from Athens to Thrace, across from Samothrace. [26]
Boreas traveled up the Hebrus River and settled along its tributary, the Rheginia River. [27]
Ceryx, son of Eumolpus, also migrated from Eleusis to Thracia, across from Thasos. [28]
8.1 Migration from Thracia to the Western Black Sea Coast
In 1365 BC, Boreas' sons, Zetes and Calais, migrated from Thracia to the western Black Sea coast. [29]
The island was located on a river where the Triballians later fled during Alexander the Great's campaign against Thracia. The island was 22 kilometers upstream from the Sacred Mouth, the largest of the seven mouths of the Ister (now the Danube), which flows into the western Black Sea. Surrounded by cliffs, the island was called Peuce. [30]
Boreas' descendants changed their name from Athenians to Hyperboreans.
8.2 Migration from Thracia to Eleusis
In 1350 BC, Ceryx, son of Eumolpus, migrated from Thracia to Eleusis. [31]
In 1315 BC, Eumolpus, son of Chione, emigrated from Thracia to Eleusis to inherit the cult. [32]
9 Civil Conflicts During the Reign of Cecrops and Pandion
Conflicts arose between the sons of Erechtheus, the sixth king of Athens, leading to migration from Athens to various places.
In 1360 BC, Erechtheus' son, Pandorus, emigrated to Euboea and founded Chalcis. [33]
In 1320 BC, Cecrops, son of Erechtheus, emigrated to Euboea. [34]
In 1320 BC, Cychreus, son of Cecrops, emigrated to Salamis. [35]
In 1320 BC, Scyrius (or Chiron, Cheiron), son of Cecrops, emigrated to Scyros.
Scyrius was the father of Aegeus, whose territory was in Scyros. [36]
In 1318 BC, Pandion moved to Megara to live with Pylas, son of Cleson, and married his daughter Pylia. [37]
In 1312 BC, Pandion returned to Athens with the help of Pylas, father of his wife Pylia, and became the eighth king of Athens.
In 1295 BC, Pandion was driven out of Athens by Metion's sons and went into exile in Megara. [38]
In 1285 BC, Aegeus returned to Athens from Megara and expelled the sons of Metion, son of Erechtheus. [39]
10 Civil Conflicts in the Reign of Aegeus
Conflicts between Aegeus and his brothers-in-law led Pandion's sons to migrate as follows:
In 1277 BC, Lycus, son of Pandion, migrated to Lycia. [40]
In 1277 BC, Orneus, son of Pandion, migrated to near Phlius in Argolis and founded Orneae. [41]
In 1277 BC, Peteus, son of Oeneus, son of Pandion, migrated from Styria in Attica to Phocis and founded Stiris. [42]
In 1277 BC, Lebadus, likely Peteus' brother, migrated to Midea in Boeotia, where the town became known as Lebadeia. [43]
In 1277 BC, Teuthrantus, son of Pandion, migrated to Boeotia and founded Thespiae. [44]
Others migrated to Arcadia and settled in Caphyae. [45]
In 1277 BC, Cephalus, husband of Pandion's daughter Procris, migrated to Cephallenia. [46]
The Athenians who migrated with Cephalus changed their name to Cephallenians.
In 1262 BC, Pandion's son Carmanor and his son Eubulus migrated to Tarha in southwestern Crete. [47]
In 1230 BC, Oaxos, son of Eubulus and Acacallis, migrated from Tarha to the vicinity of Mount Ida and founded Oaxos. [48]
In 1230 BC, Eubulus and Acacallis' son Amphithemis migrated from Crete to Libya. [49]
11 Migration to Euboea
In 1280 BC, Carystus, son of Scyris, migrated from Scyros to southeastern Euboea and founded Carystus. [50]
Scyrius was the biological father of Aegeus, the ninth king of Athens, and is presumed to be the son of Cecrops, the seventh king of Athens. [51]
11.1 Migration from Euboea to Delos
In 1245 BC, Zarex, son of Petraeus, son of Carystus, migrated from Carystus to Delos. [52]
The Temple of Apollo in Delos was built by Erysichthon, son of Cecrops, the first king of Athens. [53]
Zarex was of the lineage of the Athenian kings and is presumed to have been a priest at the Temple of Apollo in Delos.
12 Migration to Crete
In 1277 BC, Daedalus, son of Eupalamus, son of Metion, emigrated from Athens to Crete, driven by Aegeus. [54]
12.1 Migration from Crete to Italy
In 1235 BC, a group of immigrants led by Iapyx, son of Daedalus, emigrated from Crete to southeastern Italy. [55]
The region Iapyx settled was called Iapygia, and its inhabitants were called Iapygians (or Iapyges). [56]
12.2 Migration from Crete to Macedonia
In 1235 BC, a group of immigrants led by Botton, likely the son of Daedalus, migrated from Crete to Macedonia and changed their name to Bottiaeans. [57]
Botton's group included descendants of young men sent to Minos as tribute from Athens. [58]
13 Migration from Troezen
In 1262 BC, Aegeus returned to Athens from Troezen. Aegeus's return was aided by Anaphlystus and Sphettus, two sons of Troezen, brother of Pittheus. Two towns named after them were founded in Attica. [59]
14 Migration from Crete
In 1241 BC, Theseus married Phaedra, daughter of Minos. [60]
The Cretans, led by Ceramus, son of Phaedra's sister Ariadne, migrated to Athens. Ceramus became the eponym for the Cerameicus district. [61]
The pottery-making techniques of Crete were brought to Athens, and the Cerameicus district became known as the Potters' Quarter. [62]
15 Migration from Trachis
In 1218 BC, the Heracleidae migrated from Trachis to Tricorythus in Attica. [63]
15.1 Migration from Attica to Doris
In 1211 BC, the Heracleidae migrated from Tricorythus to Doris. [64]
16 Migration to Sardinia
In 1216 BC, the Athenians, led by Iolaus, son of Iphicles, migrated to Sardinia and founded Ogryle. [65]
17 Trojan War Era
17.1 Migration to Melos
In 1188 BC, Theseus' sons, Demophon and Acamas, who had been exiled to Chalcis in Euboea, returned to Athens and took control of the Athenians.
Menestheus, the 11th king of Athens, fled to Melos and died on the island. [66]
17.2 Migration from Boeotia
In 1188 BC, the Orchomenians, pursued by the Thracians, fled from Orchomenus in Boeotia to Athens. [67]
In 1126 BC, the Orchomenians returned from Athens to Orchomenus in Boeotia. [68]
17.3 Migration from Thessaly
In 1186 BC, the Lapiths, led by descendants of Perithus, son of Ixion of Gyrton, who had been driven out by the Thesprotians after their invasion of Thessaly, migrated to Athens. [69]
17.4 Athenians in Expedition against Troy
In 1186 BC, the Athenians who participated in the Achaean expedition against Troy were defeated and dispersed.
Some Athenians migrated to Scylletium in southern Italy. [70]
Others migrated to Elaea near Cyme in Aeolis. [71]
Led by Ajax, son of Telamon, the people who participated in the expedition from Megara, led by Calchas, son of Thestor, moved to Pamphylia and founded Selge. [72]
The people led by Ajax were Athenians who had lived in Megara since the time of Pandion, the eighth king of Athens. Megara was inherited by Pandion's son Nisus, Nisus by Alcathus, son of Pelops, and Alcathus by Ajax.
18 The era after the Trojan War
18.1 Migration from Megara
In 1173 BC, Ajax's sons, Philaeus and Eurysaces, migrated from Megara to Brauron and Melite in Attica. [73]
18.2 Migration from Boeotia
In 1126 BC, the Pelasgians, expelled by the Boeotians, fled from Boeotia to Athens. [74]
In 1115 BC, the Pelasgians, expelled by the Athenians, migrated to Lemnos. [75]
18.3 Migration from Messenia
In 1111 BC, the Aeolians, driven out by the Heracleidae, migrated from Messenia to Athens, led by Melanthus, son of Andropompus. [76]
In 1068 BC, most of the Aeolians who had migrated from Messenia to Athens migrated to Ephesus. [77]
18.4 Migration from Achaia
In 1102 BC, the Ionians living in Achaia were driven out by the Achaeans and migrated to Athens. [78]
18.5 Migration to Euboea
In 1085 BC, Xuthus (or Ion)'s sons, Cothus, Aeclus, and Ellops, led the Athenians from Athens to Euboea.
Cothus migrated to Chalcis and founded the new city. [79]
Aeclus founded Eretria. [80]
Among the settlers of Eretria were the Gephyraeans (Phoenicians). [81]
The Gephyraeans later relocated to Aphidna in Attica. [82]
Ellops migrated from Athens to northern Euboea and founded Ellopia.[83]
18.5.1 Migration from Euboea to Chios
In 1075 BC, Amphiculus, likely the son of Xuthus (or Ion), migrated from Hestiaea to Chios. [84]
18.6 Migration from Megara
In 1074 BC, the Athenians who lived in Megara were driven out by the Dorians and migrated to Attica. [85]
19 Spread of the Athenian Settlements
In 1561 BC, the Athenians were born in Attica.
In 1415 BC, the Athenians who lived in Attica migrated to Aegina.
In 1390 BC, the Athenians who lived in Attica migrated to Thracia, and some of them migrated to the west coast of the Black Sea, changing their name to Hyperboreans.
In 1360 BC, the Athenians who lived in Attica migrated to Euboea.
In 1320 BC, the Athenians who lived in Attica migrated to Salamis, Scyros, and Megara.
In 1277 BC, the Athenians who lived in Attica migrated to Argolis, Boeotia, Phocis, Arcadia, Lycia, and Crete.
In 1277 BC, the Athenians who lived in Attica migrated to Cephallenia and changed their name to Cephallenians.
In 1245 BC, the Athenians who lived in Euboea migrated to Delos.
In 1235 BC, the Athenians who lived in Crete migrated to the Italian peninsula and Macedonia and changed their name to Bottiaeans.
In 1230 BC, the Athenians who lived in Crete migrated to Libya.
In 1186 BC, the Athenians who lived in Attica migrated to Aeolis, Melos, and the Italian peninsula.
In 1186 BC, the Athenians who lived in Megara migrated to Pamphylia.
In 1173 BC, the Athenians who lived in Megara migrated to Attica.
In 1074 BC, the Athenians who lived in Megara migrated to Attica.
20 Greek Dark Ages
20.1 Population Composition of Athens
It is estimated that 60 percent of the inhabitants of Athens during the Greek Dark Ages were Aeolians and Ionians of Ectene origin, 30 percent Pelasgians, and 10 percent other tribes (such as Gephyraeans and Cretans).
20.2 Settlements of the Athenians
The majority of Athenians lived in Attica.
Athenians also lived in Boeotia, Euboea, Delos, Crete, Sardinia, the Italian peninsula, Thracia, the western coast of the Black Sea, Aeolis, Ionia, Pamphylia, and Libya.
The Bottiaeans, who changed their name from Athenians, lived in Macedonia.
The Cephallenians, who changed their name from Athenians, lived in Cephallenia.
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