1 Introdution
Greeks' full-scale settlement of Eleia was the slowest of the provinces within Peloponnesus.
The majority of Eleia's inhabitants during the Trojan War were Aeolis, apart from those who expanded westward from Arcadia and those who settled from Lydia with the Pelops.
Aroe (later Patrae), Olenus, and Pharae of Achaia are closely related to Elis and Pisa of Eleia, and are described in Eleia before the time of the Trojan War.
In 1430 BC, Belus' son Aegyptus escaped Egypt with his people. Aegyptus' twin brother Danaus settled in Argolis, and Aegyptus' uncle Lelex settled in Laconia. Aegyptus himself settled south-west of Cape Rion in the northern part of the Peloponnesus peninsula. [1]
Aegyptus was a resident of Chemmis in the NileDelta of Egypt. [2]
2 The first Greeks
Pausanias, in his description of the origins of the Olympic Games, names five brothers, including the Ideaan Heracles. [3]
It is estimated that they migrated from Crete to Eleia around 1420 BC.
They were the first Greeks to settle in Eleia.
2.1 Genealogy of Idaean Heracles
In 1438 BC, iron was discovered on Mount Ida in Crete. [4]
Afterwards, the discoverers of iron and those engaged in iron making were called Ideaan Dactyls. [5]
Idaean Heracles was one of the Idaean Dactyls. [6]
The Idaean Dactyls belonged to a race called the Telchines. [7]
The Telchines was a race named after Telchin, the son of Europs, the son of Aezeius, the son of Inachus, and were a kind of brother to the Pelasgians.
In 1690 BC, some of those who lost the battle against Apis of Argos went to Crete, led by Telchin's son Cres. [8]
The people who went to Crete with Cres were called Telchines, and the island was called Telchinia. [8-1]
2.2 Idaean Heracles
Idaean Heracles was an Acmon, son of Socos, who lived in Aptera of Crete. [9]
The brothers of Socos, Damnameneus (or Damnaneus) and Celmis (or Scelmis), were the first to discover iron in Crete. [10]
Acmon married Astypalaea, daughter of Phoenix, who was among the Cadmus immigrant fleet that stopped at Aptera. [11]
Europa, daughter of Phoenix, who was in the same group of immigrants, married Cydon of Cydonia, and Minos and Cardys were born. [12]
Acmon moved with his brothers to Olympia in Eleia and held his first Olympic competition. [13]
Acmon then moved with his brothers to Cheronesus, opposite Rhodes, and founded five towns. [14]
There lived the Carians, and Ancaeus, the son of Acmon and Astypalaea, became king of the Leleges. [15]
The daughter of Acmon and Astypalaea married Cardys, son of Cydon, and Clymenus was born. [16]
Astypalaea's daughter and Cardys were cousins.
2.3 Olympia after Idaean Heracles leaves
The Idaean Heracles brothers lived in Olympia for about three years and then moved to Cheronesus. However, some people continued to live in Olympia. Strabo tells us that before Olympia was famous for its competitions, it was famous for the oracle of Olympian Zeus. [17]
3 Settlement of Achaia
3.1 Founding of Aroe (later Patrae)
In 1415 BC, Eumelus learned from Triptolemus how to build a town and founded Aroe. [18]
At Aroe was the tomb of Aegyptus, son of Belus. [19]
Genealogically, Aegyptus and Triptolemus are contemporaries, and Eumelus is presumed to be the son of Aegyptus, son of Belus, son of Libya, daughter of Epaphus, son of Io.
Triptolemus was also the son of Celeus, son of Rharus, son of Cranaus, son of Io. [20]
In other words, it was no mere coincidence that Triptolemus visited Eumelus; they were related, having Iasus' daughter Io as their common ancestor.
Triptolemus, together with his brother Dysaules, was on a journey, chased from Eleusis by Eumolpus. [21]
3.2 Founding of Olenus
In 1410 BC, Olenus, son of Anaxitea, daughter of Danaus, founded Olenus near the mouth of the Pierus River, southwest of the settlement of Aegyptus. [22]
Presumably Anaxitea's husband was the son of Aegyptus, and Olenus was Aegyptus' grandson. [23]
3.3 Emigration from Thessaly
In 1390 BC, Macareus, Perieres, and Aethlius, the three sons of Aeolus, son of Hippotes, emigrated from Arne in Thessaly to the Peloponnesus peninsula.
Until then, there had been three migrations of descendants of Deucalion from Thessaly to northern Peloponnesus.
In 1442 BC, Xuthus, son of Hellen, migrated from Melitaea in Thessaly to Athens and then to Aegialus (later part of Achaia) in the northern Peloponnesus peninsula. [24]
In 1420 BC, Achaeus, son of Xuthus, resettled from Melitaea in Thessaly to Aegialus. [25]
In 1407 BC, Sisyphus, son of Aeolus, migrated from the town of Arne in Thessaly to the east side of Sicyon and founded Ephyra (later Corinth). [26]
As a result of these migrations, the Achaeans came to live widely from eastern Achaia to Argolis and Laconia, but they had not yet entered Eleia.
3.4 Emigration of Aeolus's sons
In 1390 BC, Macareus, Perieres, and Aethlius migrated from Aetolia across the strait to northern Peloponnesus. Amphictyon, son of Deucalion, brother of their mother Protogenia, was king of Locris. [27]
Also, Protogenia's brother Orestheus lived in Ozolian Locris. [28]
The sons of Aeolus sought new lands west of Ozolian Locris, but Aetolia was inhabited by the Curetes. They migrated from Aetolia across the strait to northern Peloponnesus. [29]
3.5 Marriage of the son of Aeolus and the daughter of Olenus
Macareus, son of Aeolus, migrated from Olenus to Lesbos. [30]
Alector of Elis, founded by Aethlius, son of Aeolus, left Olenus in charge of Phorbas. [31]
From the above, it is presumed that there was a marital relationship between the son of Aeolus and the daughter of Olenus, the son of Anaxitea, daughter of Danaus.
3.6 Emigration to Lesbos
In 1389 BC, Macareus moved to Pelasgia (later Lesbos) with a colony that included Ionians from the Gulf of Corinth and Pelasgians who had fled Thessaly after being devastated by tsunami of the Aegean Sea. [32]
Macareus expanded his sphere of influence by emigrating his sons to neighboring islands, and Pelasgia became known as Macareus' home after Macareus' settlement. [33]
Macareus expanded his influence southward, emigrating his sons to Chios, Samos, Cos, and Rhodes. [34]
In 1340 BC, Lesbos, son of Lapithus, brother of Macareus, moved from Thessaly to the island with a colony, and the island became known as Lesbos. [35]
3.7 Founding of Pharae
In 1375 BC, Phares, son of Phylodameia, daughter of Danaus, founded Pharae on the upper reaches of the Pierus River near Olenus. [36]
Olenus, founder of Olenus, was a cousin of Phares.
Phares' father was a son of Aegyptus, and it is assumed that Phares immigrated from Aegyptus' settlement.
4 Advance to Eleia
4.1 Founding of Elis
In 1390 BC, Aethlius moved south from Olenus in search of new world, moving near the Peneius River and founding Elis. [37]
Aethlius married his half-sister Calyce, and they had a son, Endymion. [38]
4.2 Marriage from Phocis
In 1351 BC, Endymion, son of Aethlius of Elis, had three sons, Epeius, Aetolus, and Paeon. [39]
Cromia was the daughter of Itonus, son of Amphictyon, brother of Protogeneia, mother of Aethlius, and was a second cousin of Endymion.
4.3 Migration to Messenia
In 1347 BC, Pharis, son of Phylodameia, daughter of Danaus, migrated south from Aroe in search of new territory, near the mouth of the Nedon River, which flows into the Gulf of Messenia. [40]
Pharis founded Pharae, which had the same name as the town founded by his brother Phares. [41]
In Messenia was Andania, founded by Polycaon, husband of Messene, aunt of Phharis. [42]
4.4 Founding of Pisa
In 1345 BC, Pisus, son of Perieres, moved south from Olenus in search of new world, near the Alpheius River, and founded Pisa. [43]
Earlier, in 1348 BC, Pisus had taken Pharis' daughter Telegon from Pharae, near Olenus, as his wife. [44]
Telegone's father Pharis and Pisus' mother's father Olenus were cousins.
4.5 Emigration from Crete
In 1345 BC, Clymenus, son of Cardys, migrated from Cydonia in Crete to Olympia and held the Olympic competitions. [45]
Clymenus was the grandson of Ideaan Heracles, who first held the competitions. [46]
4.6 Emigration to Troad
In 1344 BC, Clymenus, son of Cardys, was banished from Olympia by Endymion, son of Aethlius of Elis. [47]
Clymenus is presumed to be the father of Tantalus, the father of Pelops, but the basis for this will be explained later.
Tantalus ruled the Primorsky region between Dardanus of Troad and Cyzicus. [48]
Clymenus is presumed to have migrated from Olympia to near Mount Ida in Troad.
The area around Mount Ida was also inhabited by Idaean Dactyls, who migrated from Aptera near Cydonia in Crete.
4.7 Founding of Salmone
In 1335 BC, Salmoneus, son of Aeolus, migrated from Thessaly to near Elis, founded by his half-brother Aethlius. Salmoneus founded Salmone near the Salmone Spring, the source of the Enipeus River, a tributary of the Alpheius River. [49]
The name of the Enipeus River is presumably given by people who migrated, along with Salmoneus from the vicinity of the Enipeus River in Thessaly.
4.8 Founding of Harpina
In 1330 BC, Oenomaus, son of Alxion, founded Harpina, a short distance upstream from Pisa on the Alpheius River. Oenomaus' father, Alxion, was a grandson of Heraeus, son of Lycaon, who founded Heraea near the confluence of the Alpheius and Ladon rivers. [50]
Earlier, Phrixus, a descendant of Caucon, the son of Lycaon, had founded Phrixa near Harpina. Phrixus's brother Makistus founded Makistos further out to sea from the town. [50 -1]
4.9 Marriage from Thessaly
In 1326 BC, Aetolus, son of Endymion of Elis, took as his wife Pronoe, daughter of Phorbas, who lived near the river Peneius in northern Thessaly. [51]
Aetolus was the son of Endymion, the son of Aethlius, the son of Aeolus, the father of Lapithes, the father of Phorbas. In other words, Pronoe and Aetolus were second cousins.
4.10 Emigration to Aetolia
In 1320 BC, Aetolus, son of Endymion of Elis, led the Epeans across the sea from Peloponnesus and migrated to Aetolia. [52]
Legend has it that Aetolus committed a negligent murder and was forced to leave Elis, but this is unlikely to result in the migration of enough people to fight the Curetes. [53]
Aetolus was chased from Elis by Salmoneus, who was then the ruler of Eleia. [54]
Aetolus was king of Elis, but the one who became king after him was Eleius, the son of his sister Eurycyda. [55]
It is assumed that Eleius' father was Alector (or Alexinus), son of Salmoneus. [56]
This means that there was a power struggle in Elis, and Salmoneus, who wanted to put his grandson on the throne, expelled Aetolus and his supporters from Elis.
4.11 Emigration to Paeonia
In 1320 BC, Endymion's son Paeon migrated from Elis to Paeonia. [57]
Legend has it that Paeon was defeated in a footrace for the throne, but it is presumed that Paeon, like Aetolus, was banished by Salmoneus.
4.12 Pisa residence of Oenomaus
In 1315 BC, Oenomaus of Harpina attacked Pisa and took the city from Pisus. [58]
At this time Pisus, son of Perieres of Pisa, is presumed to have been killed by Oenomaus.
Pisus's wife Telegon emigrated to her father Pharis, who lived in Pharae in Messenia. [59]
4.13 Founding of Dyspontium
In 1310 BC, Dyspontus, son of Oenomaus of Pisa, founded Dyspontium on the sea road leading from Olympia to Elis. [59-1]
In 572 BC, Dyspontium sided with Pisa in a battle against Elis.
4.13 Dyspontiumの創建
BC1310年、Pisaの町のOenomausの子Dyspontusは、Olympiaの町からElisの町に向かう海に近い街道沿いに、Dyspontiumの町を創建した。[59-1]
BC572年、Dyspontiumの町は、Pisaの町に味方して、Elisの町と戦った。
5 Age of Pelops, son of Tantalus
5.1 Emigration from Lydia
In 1315 BC, Pelops, son of Tantalus, migrated from Lydia to Peloponnesos. [60]
5.1.1 Genealogy of Pelops
The father of Tantalus is supposed to be Clymenus, son of Cardys, who appeared in Olympia from Cydonia in Crete and was exiled to Endymion, son of Aethlius of Elis. [61]
There are three bases for this estimation.
1) Clymenus was from Cydonia in northwest Crete, and just east of that town was Aptera. Aptera is located in Berecynthus, where Mount Cabeirus is located, and the first dominion of Tantalus was called the land of Berecyntes. [62]
2) Pelops, the son of Tantalus, immigrated to Greece, and his destination was Pisa, which had taken control of Olympia, where Clymenus had been exiled. [63]
3) Pelops sacrificed to the Athena surnamed Cydonian temple at Phrixa, east of Pisa. The temple was built by Clymenus. [64]
5.1.2 Battle of Pelops and Oenomaus
Pelops landed near the mouth of the Eurotas River in the Gulf of Laconia and made Acrias of Acriae his ally. Acrias is believed to be the son of Amyclas, who lived in Amyclae and was the founder of Acriae. [65]
It is thought that it was at this time that Argeius, son of Pelops, later married Hegesandre, daughter of Amyclas. [66]
Moreover, Perseus of Mycenae is thought to have accompanied Pelops.
During Pelops' youth, Perseus, who had just married Andromeda, lived near Pelops' residence. For Pelops, Perseus was the only acquaintance residing in the Peloponnesus.
This is evidenced by the marriages between Pelops' four daughters and Perseus' four sons. [67]
According to tradition, Pelops seized Pisa from Oenomaus.
However, the following points suggest that no battle occurred between Pelops and Oenomaus.
1) Oenomaus' wife was Evarete, daughter of Acrisius, grandfather of Perseus. [67-1]
Thus, Oenomaus was Perseus' uncle by marriage.
2) Oenomaus had a daughter named Alcippe. [67-2]
According to the genealogy, Alcippe was born ten years after the marriage of Pelops and Hippodamia. This means Oenomaus must have lived for at least ten years after meeting Pelops.
It is presumed that Pelops succeeded to Pisa as Oenomaus' son-in-law.
5.1.3 Relationship between Pisa and Elis
Pelops' destination was Olympia, where his grandfather Clymenus and Clymenus' grandfather Acmon (Idaean Heracles) lived. When Pelops arrived, Olympia was under the control of Pisa. [68]
Pelops is thought to have harbored enmity towards Elis, who had driven out his grandfather Clymenus, and no marital relationship is found between the two. [69]
It is presumed that the conflict between Pisa and Elis was not only about the holding of the Olympic Games, but was also rooted in Endymion's banishment of Clymenus. [70]
5.1.4 Pelops appearing in Hittite texts
Pelops is the son of Uhha-Ziti (Tantalus), who appears in Hittite texts, and is presumed to be Tapalazunauli, brother of Piyama-Kurunta (Broteas). [71]
In 1318 BC, Tantalus was attacked by the Hittite army and fought back from his base in Apasas (later Ephesus), the capital of Arzawa, but he died of illness. [72]
Broteas was taken prisoner by the Hittites and taken to Hattusa. [73]
Pelops was surrounded by Hittite forces but escaped safely. However, Pelops' wife and his sons were taken prisoner. [74]
Later, Pelops crossed from Asia Minor to Peloponnesus. At that time, Pelops was with his son Chrysippus. [75]
After the battle with the Hittites, Pelops was in Asia Minor for about three years, hoping to regain his lost territory, but it is presumed that he gave up on that hope and went to Peloponnesus.
5.2 Emigration from Rhodes
In 1306 BC, Phorbas, son of Lapithes (or Lapithus), who lived in Rhodes, was sent to Olenus by Alector, king of Elis, who feared the expansion of Pelops' power. [76]
At this time, Olenus appears to have been under the control of Elis.
5.2.1 About Phorbas
Phorbas was born in 1361 BC in the middle reaches of the Peneius River in northern Thessaly. [77]
Phorbas's father was Lapithes, the founder of the Lapiths, and his mother was Orsinome, daughter of Eurynomus. [78]
In 1326 BC, Pronoe (or Astynome), daughter of Phorbas, was married from Thessaly to Aetolus, son of Endymion of Elis. [79]
In 1320 BC, Phorbas migrated from Thessaly to Rhodes. [80]
Leucippus, son of Macareus, seems to have invited Phorbas to Rhodes. He and Phorbas were cousins whose grandfather was Aeolus, son of Hippotes.
5.2.2 About Alector
King Alector of Elis does not appear in the genealogy of kings of Elis reported by Pausanias, only Diodorus. [81]
This Alector seems to have been the son of Salmoneus for the following reasons.
Salmoneus exiled Aetolus, king of Elis. [82]
After the exiled Aetolus, the king of Elis was Eleius, the son of Emdymion's daughter Eurycyda, who was estimated to be five years old at the time. [83]
It is assumed that Salmoneus and Eleius were related, since Salmoneus, who lived in Salmone, far from Elis, exiled Aetolus, king of Elis, and his supporters. [84]
So Alector was the son of Salmoneus, and he married Eurycyda, the daughter of Emdymion, and had a son, Eleius. [85]
After the expulsion of Aetolus, Eleius became king of Elis, and Alector supposedly moved from Salmone to Elis to rule as guardian of his infant son.
5.3 Emigration from Thessaly
In 1303 BC, Amythaon, son of Hippocoon, and Neleus, son of Cretheus, migrated from Thessaly to Eleia and founded Pylus. [86]
Pylus was on the mountain road from Elis to Olympia. [87]
Legend has it that Pylos (or Pylon), son of Cleson of Megara, founded Pylus. [88]
The genealogy shows that the migration of Neleus, who expelled Pylos from the town he founded, occurred when Pylos was nearly 60 years old. It is believed to be a myth that arose from the similarity between the name of Pylos and the name of the town.
Amythaon lived in Pylus, married Idomene, daughter of Pheres, and had two sons, Bias and Melampus. [89]
When Amythaon migrated from Thessaly to Eleia, Melampus and Bias accompany him. Thus, it was Pylus (or Phyllus) of Thessaly that Amythaon's sons were born.
It is assumed that Amythaon gave the town he founded in Eleia the name of the town where he lived while in Thessaly.
The name of the town was taken over by Lepreatic Pylus and Messenian Pylus. [90]
6 Age of Augeas, son of Eleius
6.1 Marriage from Arcadia
In 1297 BC, Eleius, son of Eurycyda of Elis, married Nausidame, daughter of Amphidamas, from Arcadia, and they had a son, Augeas. [91]
6.1.1 Relationship between Elis and Mycenae
Nausidame's sister Antibia married Sthenelus, son of Perseus of Mycenae. [92]
Through the daughters of Amphidamas, Elis and Mycenae were friends. However, as Pelops of Pisa gained power and Sthenelus took Pelops' daughter Nicippe (or Archippe) as his wife, Elis and Mycenae became enemies. [93]
It is assumed that Heracles, son of Amphitryon, attacked Augeas of Elis at the request of Pisaeans, who were under pressure from Elis after the death of Pelops. Eurystheus, son of Sthenelus, was the grandson of Pelops, and Heracles was the great-grandson of Pelops.
6.1.2 About Augeas' father
Diodorus tells us that Augeas' father was Phorbas, son of Lapithes. [94]
The reason why Augeas became king of Elis seems to be because Phorbas's wife was Hyrmina, the daughter of Epeius, king of Elis. [95]
However, in that case, there would be no basis for Augeas, who lived in Olenus, to become king of Elis.
The father of Augeas is most likely Eleius, son of Eurycyda, daughter of Endymion, as reported by Pausanias, who chronicles the genealogy of King Elis. [96]
The people who were called Epeans were called Eleans in the time of Eleius. [97]
6.2 Emigration to Triphylia
In 1292 BC, Melampus and Bias, two sons of Amythaon of Pylus, migrated to Triphylia in southern Eleia and founded Lepreatic Pylus. [98]
6.3 Emigration to Argos
In 1290 BC, Amythaon's two sons, Melampus and Bias, migrated from Triphylia to Argos. Legend has it that Anaxagoras, son of Argeus, ceded part of Argos because Melampus cured a woman of insanity. [99]
However, Melampus was already married to Anaxagoras' aunt Iphianeira.
Anaxagoras placed his uncle-in-law Melampus and his brother Bias in Argos to oppose the growing power of Mycenae. [100]
6.4 Civil conflict in Pisa
In 1287 BC, civil conflict appears to have broken out in Pisa.
The cause of the conflict is believed to have been the death of Pelops' son, Chrysippus. [100-1]
As a result of this conflict, Pelops' wife and sons emigrated.
Pelops' wife, Hippodamia, emigrated to Midea. [100-2]
Pelops' sons, Thyestes and Atreus, emigrated to Macistus in Triphylia. [100-3]
Pelops' sons, Pittheus and Troezen, emigrated to Argolis. [100-4]
Pelops' son, Alcathous, emigrated to Megara. [100-5]
Pelops' son, Copreus, emigrated to Mycenae. [100-6]
Pelops' son, Letreus, emigrated from Pisa to the coast and founded Letrini. [100-7]
After this, Pelops died around 1268 BC, but Pisa continued to exist as an inconspicuous town.
By the 2nd century AD, no buildings remained in Pisa, and it had become a vineyard. [100-8]
6.5 Founding of Hyrmina
In 1285 BC, Actor, son of Phorbas, migrated from Olenus near the sea west of Elis and founded Hyrmina, named after his mother. [101]
Hyrmina was the daughter of Epeius, son of Endymion, and she married Phorbas when he migrated from the island of Rhodes to Olenus. [102]
6.6 Founding of Buprasium
In 1280 BC, Pyttius moved from Phthia to the vicinity of Salmone and founded Buprasium. [103]
Automedon, son of Diores, son of Amarynces, son of Pyttius, served as charioteer of Achilles in the Trojan War. Pyttius therefore appears to be a member of the Myrmidons, and is presumed to be the son of Actor, the son of Myrmidon. [104]
6.7 Marriage from Boeotia
In 1277 BC, Neleus of Pylus took Chloris, daughter of Amphion of Orchomenus, as his wife. [105]
Chloris was accompanied by many Minyans who migrated to Pylus. [106]
The Minyans then migrated to Triphylia. [107]
6.8 Marriage from Aetolia
In 1266 BC, Actor, son of Phorbas of Hyrmina, married Molione, daughter of Molus, from Pleuron of Aetolia, and they had twin sons, Cteatus and Eurytus. [108]
Molione was the daughter of Molus, son of Pleuron, son of Pronoe (or Astynome), daughter of Phorbas, and Actor was the half-brother of Molione's great-grandmother.
6.9 Battle against Arcadians
In 1250 BC, Areithous of Arene of Triphylia fought and was defeated by Lycurgus, son of Aleus of Tegea, over a land dispute. [111]
Areithous was a Minyan who immigrated to Pylus from Orchomenus in Boeotia, accompanying Chloris, who married Neleus. [112]
Later, the Minyans migrated from Pylus to Triphylia and lived in Arene. [113]
6.10 Battle against Arcadians
In 1244 BC, the sons of Neleus of Lepreatic Pylus fought against the Arcadians for control of Chaa, located to the east of that city. [115]
The Arcadians were led by Lycurgus, son of Aleus. The tomb of Lycurgus was not at Tegea, but at Lepreus, near Chaa. [116]
6.11 Emigration to Acarnania
In 1244 BC, Phyleus, son of Augeas, migrated from Elis to Acarnania and founded Dulichium (Dulichia). [117]
Homer and Strabo report that Dulichium is an island in the Echinades. [118]
However, for the following reasons, it is assumed that Dulichium, where Phyleus moved from Elis, was located in Cephallenia.
Pausanias tells us that the Paleis of Cephallenia dedicated a statue of Timoptolis, son of Lampis of Elean, to Olympia. Pausanias also tells us that the Paleans were once called Dulichians. [119]
Therefore, it is assumed that Dulichium of Cephallenia was the place where Phyleus, the son of Augeas, migrated.
The contact between Cephalus and Phyleus, who were native to Cephallenia, is unknown, and it is thought that Phyleus was looking for a suitable place and chose Cephallenia as his migration destination.
6.12 Marriage from Boeotia
In 1242 BC, Nestor of Lepreatic Pylus took as his wife Eurydice (or Anaxibia), daughter of Clymenus of Orchomenus. [120]
Eurydice was accompanied by many Minyans who migrated to Triphylia. [121]
7 Battle against Heracles
7.1 Heracles' attack on Elis (1st time)
In 1243 BC, Heracles attacked Elis, but suffered repeated defeats due to the efforts of Actor's two sons, Cteatus and Eurytus, and before a victory could be determined, Heracles fell ill and called for a truce. [122]
However, the sons of Actor learned of Heracles' illness and attacked him, and many were killed. [123]
Heracles, who had broken his promise of a truce and had his relatives killed, attacked and killed the two sons of Actor at Cleonae, who were on their way from Hyrmina in Eleia to Isthmus. [124]
7.2 Heracles' attack on Elis (2nd time)
In 1240 BC, Heracles attacked Elis again. In addition to the Arcadians, Thebans, Argives, and Epeians took part in this battle on the side of Heracles. [125]
Augeas defended himself with reinforcements from Pylus, but Elis, without the sons of Actor, was defeated by Heracles and the town was captured. [126]
Heracles granted the wishes of Augeas's eldest son, Phyleus, and generously disposed of him. [127]
7.3 Attack of Pylus by Heracles
Heracles attacked Neleus in Pylus, and all of Neleus's twelve sons, except Nestor, the youngest, were killed, and Pylus was destroyed and left in ruins. [128]
Pylus, which was destroyed by Heracles, was located up the Peneius River from Elis and a short distance up the Ladon River, a tributary. [129]
7.4 Participation of Pisa
Pausanias reports that Pylus and Pisa took part in the defense of Elis, which was attacked by Heracles. [130]
However, Pisa was the town of Heracles' maternal grandmother, and it is unlikely that Pisa took part in the fight against Heracles.
After Pelops held the Olympic competition, Elis' Augeas held it. It is assumed that after Pelops' death, Elis took control of Pisa and held the Olympic Games. [131]
It is assumed that Pisa did not join Augeas, but could not stand Augeas' tyranny and requested Heracles and Eurystheus to punish Elis. [132]
7.5 Emigration to Italy
In 1240 BC, a group of Evander immigrants from Pallantium in Arcadia passed through Olympia and headed for Cyllene, the outer port of Elis. Along the way, Evander recruited Arcadians, who had joined Heracles against Elis, and Epeans, who sought new world, to join his emigrants. [133]
Evander's emigrant group sailed from Elis' outer port, Cyllene, to the Italian peninsula. [134]
Abandoning Elis, which had been devastated by Heracles, the Epeans settled on the Capitoline hills. [135]
7.6 Emigration to Messenia
In 1209 BC, Nestor, son of Neleus, succeeded Idas and moved to Messenia near Arene and founded Pylus. [136]
Idas was the son of Aphareus, son of Perieres, and was a Lapith.
Nestor was the son of Neleus, son of Cretheus, and was an Aeolis.
Their common ancestor must be traced back to Hellen, son of Deucalion.
There is little evidence to suggest that Nestor was able to inherit Idas because he was of the same race as Hellenes.
It is likely that in the battle against the sons of Tyndareus, the brothers Idas perished and Arene was destroyed. [137]
Nestor expanded his power from Eleia into Messenia and founded Pylus near Arene.[138]
8 Troyan War Era
8.1 Participation in the Troy Expedition
According to Homer's Iliad, the following four men led the Epeians on an expedition to Troy. [139]
Amphimachus, son of Cteatus, son of Actor
Thalpius, son of Eurytus, son of Actor
Diores, son of Amarynceus
Polyxeinus, son of Agasthenes, son of Augeas
They led 40 ships. [140]
This is considerably less than the 70 ships of the Messenians led by Nestor. [141]
8.2 Participation of Pisa
Pisa's name is not found in Homer's Catalog of Ships. The people led by the four generals were those living north of Buprasium, and those living south of Pisa joined together with the Messenians. Strabo reports that Pisatae took part in the expedition to Troy under the command of Nestor. [142]
During the Troyan War, Pisa was not under Elis' control. [143]
8.3 Cyllene's participation
Although Cyllene's name does not appear in Homer's Ship Catalog, the name of Otus, who participated in the Trojan expedition from that town, appears. [144]
For the Cyllenians, led by Otus, were in the ships of the Dulichians, led by Meges, the son of Phyleus. [145]
9 Age of Oxylus, Son of Haemon
9.1 Emigration from Aetolia
In 1105 BC, Oxylus, son of Haemon, son of Thoas, led the Aetolians in migrating from Aetolia to Elis. [146]
Dius, the son of Amphimachus, who ruled Elis at that time, gave up his position to Oxylus and lived with him. [147]
Oxylus was related to the Heracleidae, which ruled much of Peloponnesus. Gorges (or Gorge), the mother of Oxylus' grandfather Thoas, was the sister of Heracles' wife Deianira (or Dejanira).
Temenus' father, Aristomachus, who led the Heracleidae, was a third cousin of Oxylus.
9.2 Emigration from Achaia
In 1101 BC, Oxylus invited Agorius, son of Damasius, son of Penthilus, son of Orestes, from Helice of Achaia to become co-ruler of Elis. Along with Agorius, the Achaeans migrated to Elis. [148]
In 1099 BC, Oxylus held the Olympic competitions. The Olympic competitions were not held for over 300 years until Iphitus revived them in 776 BC. [149]
Eleian magnates have held tournaments since 1419 BC, when the Ideaan Heracles and his brothers held one. [150]
1384 BC, Aethlius, son of Aeolus [151]
1344 BC, Clymenus, son of Cardys [152]
1329 BC, Endymion, son of Aethlius [153]
1319 BC, Epeius, son of Endymion [154]
1314 BC, Oenomaus, son of Alxion [155]
1309 BC, Alector, son of Salmoneus [156]
1299 BC, Pelops, son of Tantalus [157]
1294 BC, Amythaon, son of Hippocoon [158]
1279 BC, Neleus and Pelias, sons of Cretheus [159]
1249 BC, Augeas, son of Eleius [160]
1239 BC, Heracles, son of Amphitryon [161]
9.3 Construction of the Temple of Hera
In 1097 BC, Scillus of Triphylia built a Doric-style temple of Hera at Olympia. This occurred eight years after Oxylus had captured Elis. [162]
9.4 Migration from Sparta
In 1070 BC, Pelasgians and Achaeans living in Laconia migrated to southern Eleia, founding Lepreum, Macistus, Phryxae, Pyrgus, Epium, and Nudium. [163]
Herodotus records that the founders of these six cities were Minyans who did not join the Theras's migration. [164]
However, it was the Pelasgians, exiled from Athens, who drove those Minyans from Lemnos.[165]
It seems unlikely that the Minyans, fewer in number than the Pelasgians, could have founded six cities.
It is thought that the founders of the six cities were the Pelasgians and Achaeans who rebelled against the Dorians and were expelled from Laconia.[166]
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