1 Introduction
In 1750 BC, people forced from their homes by a great flood fled upstream and downstream of the Cephisus River at the northern foot of Mount Parnassus and settled in Boeotia. [1]
At this time, some people moved beyond Boeotia and settled in Attica.
Before the appearance of Cecrops, the first king of Athenians, Colaenus lived in Myrrinous in the southeastern part of Attica, and Actaeus lived in Athmoneis, northeast of Athens. [2]
However, for much longer than that, copper miners had settled in Laurion, near Cape Sunium on the southeastern tip of Attica. [3]
Strabon reports that the Temmices migrated to Boeotia from Cape Sunium, the southeastern tip of Attica, but they also appear to be ancient inhabitants. [4]
Strabon recognizes Temmices as barbarians. However, they are thought to have been ancient Greeks who fled from the upper reaches of the Cephisus River and lived in Attica, who returned to Boeotia after being oppressed by the immigrants brought by Cecrops. [5]
The Temmices were the first tribe to settle in Boeotia. [6]
2 Aegina
2.1 Emigration from Attica
According to Aristotle, Epidaurus was inhabited by Carians. [7]
Therefore, it is assumed that Carians also lived in Aegina, which lies off the coast of that town.
In 1465 BC, Xuthus, son of Hellen, founded Tetrapolis (Oenoe, Marathon, Probalinthus, Tricorynthus) in northeastern Attica. [8]
When Eumolpus invaded Attica in 1415 BC, the inhabitants of Oenoe migrated to Aegina. [9]
It is thought that the island was depopulated by a large tsunami in the Aegean Sea some time ago, and after their settlement, the island was renamed Oenoe. [10]
2.2 Emigration from Thessaly
In 1290 BC, Aeacus, son of Actor, migrated from Dia in Thessaly to the island of Oenoe. [11]
Settlers from Oenoe, previously living on the island of Oenoe, migrated to Epidaurus, led by the descendants of Ion, son of Xuthus. [12]
Strabo states that the Ionians who had traveled with the Heracleidae cohabited with the Carians of Epidaurus, but this seems to have happened at this time, not at the time of the return of the Heracleidae. [13]
Aeacus changed the name of the island from Oenoe to Aegina, after his mother's name. [14]
2.3 Arbitration of Megara Disputes
In 1287 BC, Aeacus arbitrated a dispute between Pandion's son Nisus and Pandion's son-in-law Sciron over the succession of Megara. Sciron was the son of Pylas, ruler of Megara before Pandion. [15]
Scirius (or Sciron, Chiron, Scirus), the father of Aeacus' two wives, Psamathe and Endeis (or Endais), was the biological father of Pandion's adopted son Aegeus. [16]
In other words, Aeacus and Aegeus were stepbrothers, and Nisus and Sciron were also stepbrothers through Aegeus. It is likely that Aegeus, king of Athens at the time, had Aeacus, who was famous among his stepbrothers as a pious man, mediate a dispute between his stepbrothers. [17]
2.4 Emigration from Crete
In 1264 BC, there was a battle between Minos of Crete and Athens, and Minos was victorious. [18]
Later, the Cretans settled in Aegina. [19]
The Aeacus clan that lived on Aegina was gradually oppressed by the Cretans and left the island. It is assumed that Aeacus died and each of his sons left Aegina.
2.4.1 Emigration to Phocis
In 1256 BC, Phocus, son of Aeacus, led a band of immigrants from Aegina to the northern part of Phocis, near Naubolenses (later Drymaea). [20]
The city had been founded some time before by Naubolus, son of Ornytus, son of Lynceus, son of Deucalion, son of Abas, son of Lynceus. [21]
Crisus, son of Phocus, married Antiphateia, daughter of Naubolus. [22]
2.4.2 Emigration to Salamis
In 1256 BC, Telamon, son of Aeacus, migrated from Aegina to Salamis. [23]
Telamon married Glauce, daughter of Cychreus, and succeeded Cychreus as ruler of Salamis. [24]
Glauce was the daughter of Endeis, the mother of Telamon, and Cychreus, the son of Scyrius, the father of Telamon, and was a cousin of Telamon. [25]
2.4.3 Emigration to Phthia
In 1256 BC, Peleus son of Aeacus migrated from Aegina to Eurytion, son of Actor of Phthia in Thessaly. [26]
Eurytion was Peleus' uncle, and Phthia was the birthplace of Aeacus, father of Peleus.
2.5 Trojan War Era
Homer reports that in 1188 BC, the Achaeans of Aegina led an expedition to Troy led by the Argives. [27]
However, this appears to be different, since at the time of the return of the Heracleidae, Epidaurus was ruled by the descendants of Ion, son of Xuthus. [28]
It is assumed that the Achaeans mentioned by Homer were the people who migrated from Thessaly to Aegina with Aeacus, the son of Actor.
3 Anaphlystus
In 1262 BC, Troezen's son Anaphlystus migrated from Troezen to Attica and founded Anaphlystus. [29]
After the battle with Minos, Aegeus defected to Troezen. Aegeus successfully returns to Athens with the help of Troezen's two sons, Anaphlystus and Sphettus. [30]
4 Aphidna
In 1210 BC, Theseus took Tyndareus' daughter Helen from Idas and hid her in Aphidna. [31]
Dioscuri came to Aphidna and took Helen back to Lacedaemon. [32]
Gephyraeans from Eretria in Euboea migrated to Aphidna between the 11th and 6th centuries BC. [33]
Harmodius, who assassinated Hipparchus, brother of Hippias, tyrant of Athens, in 514 BC, was a Gephyraean from Aphidna. [34]
5 Brauron
5.1 Emigration from Megara
In 1187 BC, Philaeus, son of Ajax, migrated from Megara to Brauron. [35]
Agamemnon' daughter Iphigenia, wife of Philaeus, was a priestess in the service of Artemis of Brauron. [36]
5.2 The lore of Iphigenia and Orestes
At Brauron there was a statue of Artemis, which Pausanias also saw. The statue was said to have been brought back from the Tauric lands by Iphigenia. [37]
It is thought that the people who created this tradition were the Megarians who expanded into the Black Sea region after the 7th century BC. Also, the setting of the legend seems to be the mainland, the Tauric Scythia, rather than the Tauric Chersonese. [38]
For it is said that the father of Thoas, ruler of the Tauric land, was the river Borysthenes (now Dnieper). [39]
5.3 Plunder by the Pelasgians
In 1115 BC, the Pelasgians of Lemnos plundered the maidens of Brauron. [40]
Previously, the Pelasgians built the walls of Athens and worked to cultivate the land, but were exiled by the Athenians, who were jealous of them. The plundering was done out of spite for the actions of the Athenians against them. [41]
After this incident, the Athenians called the Pelasgians of Lemnos Sinties (or Sinti). [42]
According to the 3rd century BC Athens historian Philochorus, it means "those who cause harm." [43]
6 Eleutherae
6.1 Founding of Eleutherae
In 1370 BC, Eleuther, son of Aethusa, daughter of Megassares, founded Eleutherae about 6 km south-southeast from Hysiae, south of Mount Cithaeron. [44]
6.2 Marriage from Hyria
In 1366 BC, Antiope, daughter of Nycteus, married Eleuther of Eleutherae, beyond Mount Cithaeron from Hyria, and had two sons, Amphion and Zethus.
Tradition holds that Antiope gave birth to her sons in Eleutherae while being brought back to Thebes from Epopeus of Sicyon.
The only thing that seems true about this tradition is that Amphion and Zethus were born in Eleutherae. At that time, Eleutherae had just been founded and was inhabited by Eleuther, the town's founder. Antiope and Eleuther, the founder of Eleutherae, are chronologically appropriate as a couple, and are presumed to be the father of the twins. [45]
Antiope ended up marrying her father's cousin. [46]
6.3 Founding of Eutresis
In 1345 BC, Amphion and Zethus migrated north from Eleutherae, across Mt. Cithaeron, and founded Eutresis, about 14 km west-southwest of Thebes. [47]
6.4 Founding of Plataea
In 1295 BC, Damasistratus migrated north from Eleutherae, crossing Mt. Cithaeron, and founded Plataea, about 13 km south-southwest of Thebes. [48]
Damasistratus is presumed to be the younger brother of Chaeresilaus, the father of Poemander, the founder of Tanagra.
6.5 Founding of Tanagra
In 1270 BC, Poemander, son of Chaeresilaus, son of Iasius, son of Eleuther, son of Aethusa, migrated from Eleutherae to eastern Boeotia and founded Tanagra. [49]
6.6 Adrastus Attacks Thebes
In 1215 BC, the Argives led by Adrastus attacked Thebes. The bodies of the fallen Argives were brought from Thebes and buried at Eleutherae. [50]
Already at this time Eleutherae favored Athens over Thebes. [51]
6.7 Trojan War Era
In 1190 BC, Poemander of Tanagra, a colony in Eleutherae, refused to participate in the expedition to Troy and was attacked by Achilles, son of Peleus. [52]
Eleutherae and Tanagra were well known before the Trojan War, but they do not appear in Homer's Catalog of Ships. [53]
6.8 Joined Attica
Eleutherae had been closely associated with Boeotia since its founding, but when relations with Thebes deteriorated, they joined Attica. [54]
As a result, the border between Attica and Boeotia became Mount Cithaeron, rather than between Eleutherae and Oenoe.
7 Euboea
Strabo notes that Euboea's name comes from the name of heroine. [55]
She is probably Euboea, the daughter of Macareus, son of Aeolus, but her relationship to Euboea is unknown. [56]
The first known settlers of Euboea were the Arabians who crossed the sea with Cadmus in 1420 BC. [57]
Afterwards, the Arabians appear to have interbred with the indigenous peoples.
Before Pandorus, son of Erechtheus, settled the island in 1360 BC, the island's inhabitants were called Leleges. [58]
Leleges was the name given to mixed-race people who did not belong to any particular tribe. [59]
7.1 Carystus
The 1st century BC geographer Pomponius Mela reports that Chalcis and Carystus were the wealthiest towns in Euboea. [60]
7.1.1 Founding of Carystus
Diodorus tells us that the inhabitants of Dryopes, chased by Heracles, founded Carystus. [61]
However, before that, Chiron's son Carystus had migrated from Salamis to southeastern Euboea and founded Carystus. [62]
Carystus is estimated to have been founded around 1260 BC.
Chiron (or Scyrius, Sciron, Scirus) was the biological father of Aegeus, the 9th king of Athens, and is presumed to be the son of Cecrops, the 7th king of Athens. [63]
7.1.2 Relationship with Delos
Zarex, son of Carystus, married Rhoeo (or Creousa), daughter of Staphylus, son of Ariadne, daughter of Minos, and Anius (or Anion) was born, who became a priest of Delos. [64]
It is assumed that Zarex was also a priest of Delos.
Theseus, the 10th king of Athens, stopped at Delos on his way back from Crete, and it is believed that his cousin Zarex was on the island at the time. [65]
7.1.3 Relationship with Hyperboreans
Carystus was a transit point for the Hyperboreans to deliver offerings to Delos. [66]
Diodorus states that the Hyperboreans had a deep relationship with the Athenians and Delians from ancient times. [67]
7.2 Cerinthus
Tradition has it that Athenian Cothus founded Cerinthus. [68]
This Cothus is believed to be the son of Xuthus (or Ion), who founded Chalcis after the Trojan War. [69]
However, Cerinthus appears in Homer's Catalog of Warships and was already in existence during the Trojan War. [70]
It is also said that Cothus' brother Ellops captured Cerinthus, so it is unlikely that Cothus was the founder of Cerinthus. [71]
7.3 Chalcis
7.3.1 Emigration from Athens
In 1360 BC, Pandorus, the son of Erechtheus, the sixth king of Athens, crossed from Athens to Euboea and founded Chalcis. [72]
7.3.2 Emigration to Dium
In 1335 BC, Dius, son of Pandorus, moved to Cape Cenaeon, about 80 km northwest of Chalcis, and founded Dium (or Dion, Dios). [73]
It seems likely that Dius did not leave Chalcis in pursuit of Abas.
Pandorus and Abas lived together, and it is presumed that they were related by marriage.
7.3.3 Emigration from Athens
In 1320 BC, the seventh king of Athens, Cecrops, son of Erechtheus, migrated to Euboea. [74]
It is assumed that Cecrops' migration was due to a dispute with his brother Eupalamus, and that he turned to his brother Pandorus, who had migrated to Euboea earlier.
7.3.4 Emigration from Phocis
In 1310 BC, Abas, son of Lynceus, migrated from Abae in Phocis to Chalcis. [75]
Abas was descended from Abas, grandson of Danaus of Argos, and became the progenitor of the Abantes of Euboea. [76]
7.3.5 Marriage to Athens
In 1282 BC, Chalciope, daughter of Chalcodon (or Calchodon, Rhexenor), married Aegeus, the adopted son of Pandion, the 8th king of Athens. [77]
Because of this marriage, the sons of Theseus, the son of Aegeus, were exiled to Elephenor, the son of Chalcodon, when they were driven from Athens. [78]
7.3.6 Invading Phocis
In 1260 BC, the son of Crius, who lived in Euboea, ravaged the area around Delphi in Phocis and was slain. [79]
Crius is presumed to be the brother of Abas, son of Lynceus.
7.3.7 Invading Boeotia
In 1258 BC, Chalcodon, son of Abas, who lived in Chalcis of Euboea, invaded Boeotia.
Chalcodon fought with Amphitryon of Thebes near Teumessus and was killed. [80]
The outrages of the sons of Crius and Chalcodon appear to have been caused by the famine caused by the drought that struck Euboea. [81]
7.3.8 Emigration from Thebes
Some Thebans may have migrated to Chalcis in 1258 BC after the battle with Chalcodon. The epic poet Linus, born in Thebes, was one of them. The tomb of Linus, son of Amphimarus, was at Chalcis. [82]
After this, Chalcis became a literary town, and competitions were held in which Hesiod took part. [83]
7.3.9 Exile from Athens
In 1210 BC, Theseus' two sons, Demophon and Acamas, defected from Athens to Elephenor, son of Chalcodon in Chalcis. [84]
They were expelled by Menestheus, who rose up in an armed uprising in the absence of Theseus, who had gone to Thesprotis. [85]
Elephenor was the brother of Aegeus' wife Chalciope. That is, the sons of Theseus went into exile to the brothers of their father's stepmother.
7.3.10 Exile from Argolis
In 1210 BC, Nauplius of Nauplia in Argolis was chased by the Achaeans and exiled to Chalcis. [86]
It is assumed that Palamedes, the son of Nauplius, also settled in Chalcis with his father at this time. [87]
Palamedes learned Pelasgic letters from Chalcis and added new letters to the alphabet. [88]
7.3.11 Trojan War Era
In 1188 BC, Elephenor, son of Chalcodon of Chalcis, led the people of Euboea on an expedition to Troy. [89]
Theseus' two sons, Demophon and Acamas, returned to Athens from Chalcis after Menestheus' expedition to Troy. [90]
7.3.12 Emigration from Athens
In 1085 BC, Cothus, son of Xuthus (or Ion), migrated from Athens to Chalcis and founded the new Chalcis. [91]
7.3.13 Funeral competition
In 730 BC, a funerary competition for Amphidamas was held at Chalcis, and Hesiod won. [92]
7.3.14 Bridge construction
In 411 BC, the Chalcidians and Boeotians jointly built a bridge from Boeotia to Euboea. [93]
Hesiod writes that he sailed from Aulis to Euboea. The 4th century BC historian Ephorus reports that there was a bridge about 60 meters long. [94]
7.4 Dium
In 1335 BC, Dius, son of Pandorus, founded Dium (or Dion, Dios) near Cape Cenaeon in northwestern Euboea. [95]
Later, the inhabitants of Dium founded Canae in Aetolia. [96]
7.5 Ellopia
In 1085 BC, Ellops, son of Xuthus (or Ion), led the Ionians from Athens to northern Euboea and founded Ellopia. [97]
Ellops then captured the surrounding regions of Histiaea, Perias, Cerinthus, Aedepsus, and Orobia. [98]
7.6 Eretria
7.6.1 Founding of Eretria
Strabo reports that there is a theory that Eretria was founded by Eretrieus, who settled from the Triphylian Macistus of Eleia. [99]
This is probably a made-up story that was created because the two names are similar.
Eretria's old name was Melaneis, named after Eurytus' father Melaneus. [100]
It is assumed that Eurytus founded Melaneis in 1237 BC when he migrated from Oechalia in Messenia to Euboea. Eurytus then migrated east-northeast from Melaneis and founded Oechalia. [101]
7.6.2 Founding of new Eretria
In 1085 BC, Aeclus, son of Xuthus, led the Ionians from the Eretria district of Athens to Euboea and founded the new Eretria. [102]
The Ionians also included the Gephyraeans (Phoenicians). [103]
The Gephyraeans later relocated to Aphidna in Attica. Harmodius, who assassinated Hipparchus, brother of Hippias, tyrant of Athens in the 6th century BC, was a native of Aphidna. [104]
7.6.3 Preventing defectors from landing
In 734 BC, the Eretrians who had settled on Corcyra were expelled from the island by later settlers, the Corinthians, led by the Charicrates.
The Eretrians attempted to land on his homeland of Eretria, but were thwarted and settled in Methone of Macedonia. [105]
7.7 Hestiaea (Histiaea)
7.7.1 Founding of Hestiaea
In 1205 BC, some of the Thebans who were forced out of Thebes by the Epigoni invaded Thebes founded Hestiaea in northern Euboea. [106]
7.7.2 Emigration to Chios
In 1075 BC, Amphiclus, probably the son of Xuthus (or Ion), migrated from Hestiaea to the island of Chios. [107]
7.7.3 Expulsion of inhabitants by Athenians
In 446 BC, the inhabitants of Histiaea revolted against the Athenians. The Athenian general Pericles expelled the Histiaeans from the city. [108]
7.7.4 Emigration from Ellopia
In 371 BC, after the Battle of Leuctra, people moved from Ellopia to Hestiaea. [109]
7.8 Oechalia
7.8.1 Founding of Oechalia
In 1237 BC, Eurytus, son of Melaneus, of Oechalia in Messenia was exiled by Tyndareus, son of Oebalus of Sparta. [110]
Eurytus migrated to Euboea and founded Oechalia east-northeast of Eretria. [111]
7.8.2 Destruction of Oechalia
In 1224 BC, Eurytus of Oechalia was attacked by Heracles and died in battle along with his sons. [112]
It was a battle between the Dorians and the Lapiths, with Heracles on the side of the former and Eurytus on the side of the latter. Lapiths, defeated in battle with Heracles, fled to Oechalia, and in a fierce battle Oechalia was destroyed. [113]
7.9 Styra
Styra was inhabited by the Dryopians, who migrated from Dryopis between Mount Oeta and Mount Parnassus. [114]
In 1230 BC, Heracles expelled the Dryopians from Dryopis, but before that they lived in Styra. [115]
7.10 Tamynae
7.10.1 Exile from Thessaly
In 1236 BC, Admetus, son of Pheres of Pherae in Thessaly, exiled to Tamynae of Euboea. [116]
The revolt of the Minyans in Iolcus of Thessaly also affected Pherae.
Admetus fled to Tamynae, where Theseus, the son of Hippasus, the ex-husband of his wife Alcestis, lived. [117]
Admetus' mother was Periclymene, daughter of Minyas of Orchomenus, and the Minyans who immigrated with her also lived in Pherae. [118]
7.10.2 Founding of Tamynae
The founder of Tamynae is unknown.
However, Tamynae was located near Oechalia, which was founded by Eurytus, and it is assumed that the founder of Tamynae was Theseus, son of Hippasus.
Hippasus was the son of Eurytus, and Theseus was the grandson of Eurytus. [119]
Theseus was raised by Admetus as a stepchild of his mother Alcestis, but was later taken in by his grandfather Eurytus. [120]
Later Theseus founded Tamynae near Oechalia. During his exile, Admetus erected a temple to Apollo at Tamynae. [121]
8 Marathon
8.1 Founding of Marathon
In 1465 BC, Xuthus, son of Hellen, founded Marathon as one of the Tetrapolis in northeastern Attica. [122]
8.2 Emigration from Sicyon
In 1350 BC, Marathon, son of Epopeus, migrated to Marathon from Sicyon. [123]
Marathon married the daughter of Erechtheus, the sixth king of Athens. [124]
The daughter of Cranaus, 2nd king of Athens, married Amphictyon, son of Deucalion; the daughter of Erichthonius, 4th king of Athens, married Xuthus, son of Hellen, son of Deucalion. [125]
The descendants of Deucalion and the royal family of Athens have long been connected.
Marathon was the son of Epopeus, the son of Aloeus, the son of Sisyphus, the son of Aeolus, the son of Hellen, the son of Deucalion. [126]
8.3 Emigration to Sicyon
In 1321 BC, Epopeus, king of Corinth and Sicyon, died and was succeeded by Epopeus' son Marathon. Marathon gave Asopia and Ephyraea to his two sons, Sicyon and Corinthus, respectively. Asopia and Ephyraea became known as Sicyon and Corinth, respectively. [127]
9 Megara
9.1 Emigration from Argos
In 1725 BC, Phoroneus' son Car migrated from Argos to Megara. [128]
In the time of Pausanias, the tomb of Car was located on the road from Megara to Corinth. [129]
9.2 Emigration from Egypt
9.2.1 Settlement of Lelex
In 1430 BC, Lelex, son of Libya, settled in Megara after colonizing Laconia with his sons. [130]
Pausanias describes Lelex as being 12 generations later than Car, the son of Phoroneus. [131]
But Lelex was the son of Libya, daughter of Epaphus, son of Io, daughter of Iasus, son of Triopas, son of Phorbas, son of Criasus, son of Argus, son of Niobe, sister of Car.
In other words, Lelex was nine generations after Car.
After Lelex settled, the people of Megara were called Leleges. [132]
Leleges was the name given to the first inhabitants of Laconia. [133]
The Leleges, who lived with the Teleboans in western Acarnania, were also immigrants from Laconia. [134]
9.2.2 Descendants of Lelex
Pausanias tells us that Lelex's son was Cleson, Cleson's son was Pylas, Pylas's son was Sciron, and Sciron married the daughter of Pandion, the 8th king of Athens. [135]
When creating a genealogy, the difference in birth years between Lelex and Pylas is 125 years, which is 62 years between generations, which is not reasonable. Cleson's father was probably not Lelex, and it is estimated that there was a gap of three generations between Lelex and Cleson.
In other words, the Megara tradition referenced by Pausanias was correct, but it appears that Pausanias mistook Cleson for Lelex's son.
9.3 Emigration from Athens
9.3.1 Migration of Pandion
In 1320 BC, Pandion, son of Cecrops, emigrated from Athens to Pylas, son of Cleson, in Megara and married his daughter Pylia. [136]
It is assumed that Pandion, along with his brothers, were forced out of town due to internal strife in Athens.
9.3.2 Emigration of Pylas
Pausanias tells us that Pylas, son of Cleson, emigrated to Messenia. [137]
Apollodorus tells us that Pylas gave the kingdom to his son-in-law Pandion and moved there. [138]
However, Pylas had a son named Sciron. [139]
Pausanias tells us that soon after Pylas founded the town, he was chased out of it by a band of Neleus settlers. [140]
This tradition seems to have been created because the name of Pylas, son of Cleson, is similar to the name of Pylus, founded by Neleus and Amythaon. [141]
9.4 Emigration to Athens
In 1312 BC, Cecrops' son Pandion returned from Megara to Athens. Cleson's son Pylas appears to have died before this. Pylas was succeeded by Pandion, Pylas's son-in-law, instead of Pylas' son Sciron, who had not yet reached adulthood. [142]
9.5 Emigration from Athens
In 1295 BC, Pandion, son of Cecrops, migrated from Athens to Megara, pursued by the sons of Metion. [143]
9.6 Succession disputes
In 1287 BC, Cecrops' son Pandion died. A dispute arose over the inheritance of Megara between Nisus, son of Pandion, and Sciron, son of Pylas, and Aeacus of Aegina arbitrated. [144]
Aeacus' wife's father, Scyrius, was the biological father of Aegeus, king of Athens. [145]
In other words, Aeacus and Aegeus were stepbrothers, and Nisus and Sciron were also stepbrothers through Aegeus. It is likely that Aegeus had Aeacus, who was famous among his stepbrothers as a pious person, arbitrate disputes between his stepbrothers. [146]
Pandion's son Nisus inherited Megara. [147]
9.7 Emigration to Athens
In 1285 BC, Aegeus returned from Megara to Athens and exiled the sons of Metion. [148]
9.8 Battle with Minos
In 1264 BC, Aegeus was exiled from Athens by the sons of Pallas and fled to Nisus in Megara. [149]
The sons of Pallas, with the help of Minos of Crete, attacked Megara. [150]
King Nisus of Megara was killed in battle, and Minos was victorious. Aegeus defected to Pittheus of Troezen. [151]
9.9 Emigration from Pisa
Alcathous, son of Pelops, came from Pisa of Eleia and succeeded the king of Megara. [152]
Euaechme, daughter of Iphinoe, daughter of Nisus, was the wife of Alcathous, but this marriage seems to have taken place after Alcathous succeeded him as king of Megara. [153]
Before that, Alcathous had a wife named Pyrgo, whose tomb was in Megara. [154]
It is assumed that Pyrgo was the daughter of Sciron, son of Pylas, who competed with Nisus for kingship.
Alcathous rushed to Megara as reinforcements, and appears to have made peace with Minos after Nisus was killed in battle. Legend has it that Periboea, the daughter of Alcathous, also became a tribute to Minos. [155]
9.10 Marriage to Salamis
In 1240 BC, Periboea (or Eriboea), daughter of Alcathous, married Telamon, son of Aeacus, of Salamis. [156]
This marriage may have been possible because Periboea's mother's side and Telamon's mother's side were both connected to the Athenian royal family.
9.11 Emigration from Salamis
In 1215 BC, Telamon's son Ajax migrated from Salamis to Megara and succeeded Alcathous. [157]
Ajax was the son of Periboea (or Eriboea), the daughter of Alcathous, and the grandson of Alcathous. [158]
Ajax married Lysidice, a descendant of Caeneus, son of Elatus, and they had a son, Philaeus. [159]
Caeneus was a Lapith of Thessaly, but Ajax's grandfather Aeacus was also from Phthia of Thessaly. [160]
9.12 Marriage from Mycenae
In 1195 BC, Philaeus, son of Ajax, took Iphigenia, daughter of Agamemnon from Mycenae, as his wife. This marriage is a presumption, and the basis is as follows.
Pausanias tells us that there is a mausoleum of Iphigenia in Megara, and that she died in that town. [161]
Also, Philaeus lived in Brauron, and Iphigenia was a priestess in the service of Artemis in Brauron. [162]
Ajax was succeeded by Iphigenia's brother Hyperion, who became king of Megara. [163]
9.13 Trojan War Era
Telamon's son Ajax appears in Homer's work, but Megara does not.
Ajax died during the Trojan campaign and was buried in Rhoeteium, northeast of Ilium. [164]
9.14 Emigration from Mycenae
Hyperion, son of Agamemnon, migrated from Mycenae to Megara. [165]
9.15 Emigration to Attica
Philaeus, son of Ajax, migrated from Megara to Brauron in Attica. [166]
The migration of Philaeus is presumed to be an expulsion by Hyperion, son of Agamemnon. [167]
9.16 Abolition of the monarchy
Hyperion was so tyrannical that he was killed by Sandion and the Megara monarchy was abolished. [168]
10 Salamis
10.1 Emigration from Athens
In 1320 BC, civil strife broke out in Athens, and Cecrops, the seventh king of Athens, moved to Euboea. [169]
At this time Cychreus, son of Cecrops, emigrated from Athens to Salamis. [170]
Cychreus was a figure respected in Athens on a par with the gods. [171]
10.2 Marriage to Scyros
In 1305 BC, Chariclo, daughter of Cychreus, was married from Salamis to Scyrius, son of Cecrops, who lived on the island of Scyros. [172]
Scyrius was the brother of Cychreus. [173]
10.3 Emigration from Scyros
When Cychreus died without an heir in 1295 BC, Scyrius left the island of Scyros to his son and moved to Salamis. [174]
10.4 Marriage from Sicyon
In 1291 BC, Scyrius married Salamis, daughter of Sicyon, of the town of Sicyon, and they had a son, Cychreus. [175]
Sicyon's mother was the daughter of Erechtheus, the sixth king of Athens. [176]
Scyrius was the son of Cecrops, the son of Erechtheus, the father of Sicyon, the father of Salamis.
In other words, Salamis married her father's cousin Scyrius.
Cychreus, the son of Salamis, named the island Salamis, after his mother's name, which had previously been called Sciras or Cychreia. [177]
10.5 Founding of Carystus
In 1260 BC, Carystus, son of Scyrius (or Chiron), migrated from Salamis to southeastern Euboea and founded Carystus. [178]
10.6 Emigration from Aegina
In 1256 BC, Telamon, son of Aeacus, migrated from Aegina to Salamis and married Glauce, daughter of Cychreus. [179]
After the death of Cychreus, Telamon inherited Salamis. [180]
The father of Chariclo, the mother of Endeis, the mother of Telamon, was Cychreus, the first king of Salamis. [181]
10.7 Trojan War Era
10.7.1 Ajax, son of Telamon
Homer tells us that Ajax, son of Telamon, led the Salaminians on an expedition to Troy. [182]
But Ajax succeeded Alcathous, son of Pelops, as king of Megara, and lived in Megara. [183]
Ajax was the son of Periboea (or Eriboea), daughter of Alcathous. [184]
10.7.2 Emigration to Attica
In 1186 BC, the sons that Telamon's son Ajax gave birth to the captive women returned from Troy and lived in Attica instead of Salamis. [185]
The legend that they gave Salamis to Athens is a myth; in fact, it is presumed that Salamis was in the hands of someone else. Presumably, before the fall of Troy, Telamon died and Salamis was occupied by the Cretans, who had expanded their range from Aegina. [186]
10.7.3 Teucer, son of Telamon
Much of the folklore surrounding Teucer appears to be fiction.
Legend has it that Telamon's son Teucer, who returned from Troy, was not allowed to go ashore by Telamon. [187]
During the time of Themistocles in the 5th century BC, Peiraeus became a port, where a tribunal was set up where exiles could plead their case to those on land. [188]
Perhaps Teucer's legend is a later creation; in fact, Teucer never returned to his homeland.
The chronicler John Malalas of the 6th century AD tells us that Teucer came to Troy from Cyprus to help his brother Ajax. When Teucer arrived at Troy, Achilles and Ajax had already died, and Neotolemus was there. [189]
11 Scyros
The Cephisus River was the birthplace of the ancient Greeks, but as the ancient Greeks spread out, other rivers were given the same name. One of at least eight Cephisus rivers in the ancient Greek world was located on the island of Scyros. [191]
11.1 Emigration from Athens
In 1320 BC, civil strife broke out in Athens, and Cecrops, the seventh king of Athens, moved to Euboea. [192]
At this time, Cecrops' son Scirius (or Sciron, Chiron, Scirus) migrated to the island of Scyros. [193]
Scyrius was the husband of Cychreus' daughter Chariclo, and their daughter Endeis (or Endais) was the wife of Aeacus. [194]
Scyrius is presumed to be the progenitor of the island of Scyros.
The river Cephisus on the island of Scyros was probably named by the Athenians who immigrated with Scyrius.
11.2 Marriage from Salamis
In 1305 BC, Chariclo, daughter of Cychreus, was married from Salamis to Scyrius, son of Cecrops, who lived on the island of Scyros. [195]
Scyrius was the brother of Cychreus. [196]
11.3 Emigration to Salamis
In 1295 BC, when Cychreus of Salamis died without an heir, Scyrius left the island of Scyros to his son and moved to Salamis. [197]
Scyrius was the husband of Cychreus' daughter Chariclo. [198]
11.4 Marriage to Thessaly
In 1213 BC, Lycomedes' daughter Deidamia married Achilles of Phthia of Thessaly. [199]
Lycomedes was the son of his son, whom Scyrius left in charge of the island of Scyros. [200]
Achilles' mother Thetis was the daughter of Scyrius, and Deidamia was the daughter of Achilles' cousin. [201]
11.5 Emigration from Athens
In 1209 BC, Theseus, son of Aegeus, was pursued by Menestheus, son of Peteus (or Peteos), and fled into exile to Lycomedes on the island of Scyros. [202]
The island of Scyros was the domain of Aegeus, the father of Theseus. [203]
Supposedly, Aegeus was older than Lycomedes' father, and Lycomedes killed Theseus because he thought Theseus would usurp his position. [204]
Lycomedes was a cousin of Theseus. [205]
11.6 The end of Lycomedes
In 1188 BC, Theseus' two sons, Demophon and Acamas, returned to Athens from Chalcis after Menestheus' expedition to Troy. [206]
Finding out the whereabouts of their father, they sent the Athenians to the island of Scyros to kill Lycomedes and bring back Theseus' remains. [207]
11.7 Emigration from Thessaly
In 1186 BC, the Thesprotians invaded Thessaly and occupied various areas. [208]
Some of the Dolopes under the control of Phthia went to the island of Scyros and settled there. [209]
11.8 Emigration from Thracia
In 495 BC, the Pelasgians of Lemnos, chased by Miltiades, son of Cimon, migrated to the Chalcidice peninsula. [210]
Shortly thereafter, the Pelasgians migrated from the Chalcidice Peninsula to the island of Scyros and settled there. [211]
11.9 Strategy by Athens
In 470 BC, Cimon, son of Miltiades, the Athenian general, captured the island of Scyros. [212]
At that time, the island of Scyros was inhabited by the Pelasgians and Dolopes, but the Dolopes were enslaved and their lands were distributed to the Athenians. [213]
12 Sphettus
In 1262 BC, Troezen's son Sphettus moved to Attica and founded Sphettus. [214]
After the battle with Minos, Aegeus defected to Troezen. Aegeus then successfully returned to Athens with the help of Troezen's two sons, Anaphlystus and Sphettus. [215]
13 Tricorythus (or Tricorynthus)
13.1 Founding of Tricorythus
In 1465 BC, Xuthus, son of Hellen, founded Tricorynthus as one of the Tetrapolis in northeastern Attica. [216]
13.2 Emigration from Trachis
In 1218 BC, Heracleidae migrated from Trachis to Tricorythus. [217]
Iope, the sister of Iolaus, the protector of Heracleidae, was the wife of Theseus, king of Athens, and Theseus, brother-in-law of Iolaus, accepted Heracleidae. [218]
13.3 Battle with Eurystheus
In 1217 BC, the Mycenaean king Eurystheus attacked the Heracleidae who lived in Tricorythus, but was defeated by Iolaus. The head of Eurystheus was buried in Tricorythus. [219]
13.4 Emigration to Doris
In 1211 BC, the Heracleidae, led by Heracles' son Hyllus, failed in their invasion of Peloponnesus and migrated from Tricorythus to Doris. [220]
At that time, some people stayed behind instead of going to Doris.
13.4.1 Antiochus, son of Heracles
Antiochus, the son of Heracles and Meda, daughter of Phylas of Dryopes, became one of the titular fathers of Athens. [221]
13.4.2 Macaria, daughter of Heracles
Macaria, daughter of Heracles and Deianeira, married Demophon, son of Theseus, and had a son, Oxyntes. [222]
14 Thoricus
In 1277 BC, Cephalus, son of Deioneus, migrated from Thoricus in Attica to an island in the Ionian Sea west of Acarnania. Having lost his wife Procris, Cephalus, in search of a new home, went on an expedition with Alcaeus's son Amphitryon to the land of the Teleboans in northwest Greece. [223]
Cephalus colonized the largest island in the Ionian Sea and named it Cephallenia. [224]
Cephalus' father, Deioneus (or Deion), was another name for Pandion, the eighth king of Athens. [225]
Pandion also lived in Thoricus before becoming king of Athens. [226]
Thoricus was one of the twelve cities that Theseus, the son of Aegeus, brought together. [227]
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