1 Introduction
Arcadia was the only region of the Peloponnesus peninsula that was cut off from the sea.
Herodotus writes that Arcadia was a mountainous region, but without gold or silver. [1]
Polybius reports that because the climate in Arcadia was cold and dismal, people obliged to practice singing and dancing to get rid of it. [2]
Pausanias praises the Ladon River, which flows through Arcadia, as the most beautiful river in Greece. [3]
Although other regions within Peloponnesus underwent numerous relocations, Arcadia's population never changed on a large scale.
2 The first Greeks
In 1560 BC, there was a large volcanic eruption at Thera (present-day Santorini) in the Aegean Sea, about 110 km north of Crete. [4]
Food shortages caused by climate change led some Argos residents to migrate to Thessaly and Egypt.
Those who remained in Argos migrated to Arcadia in search of food.
At the head of them was Pelasgus, son of Agenor, son of Triopas, son of Phorbas. [5]
Pelasgus belonged to the Parrhasians who joined Apis, son of Phoroneus of Argos, in his war against Telchin, son of Aegialeus of Aegialeia (later Sicyon). [6]
The famine is presumed to have affected all of Argolis, as Caryatii, who was an enemy of Apis and was in Aegialeia, also moved to Tegea in Arcadia. [7]
Pelasgus discovered that the fruit of the edible oak, one of several species of oak that grows wild in Arcadia, was edible and taught the people. [8]
There were many oak trees along the road from Argos to Tegea, and they were abundant in Arcadia. [9]
The Priestess of Delphi speaks of the Arcadians as a people who "eat of oaks." [10]
Pelasgus settled near Mount Lycaeus (modern Mt. Lykaion, 1,421 m above sea level), which rises about 70 km west-southwest of Argos.
3 Age of Lycaon, son of Pelasgus
Lycaon, son of Pelasgus, founded Lycosura and held Lycaean games. [12]
It was more than 90 years ago that the Ideaan Heracles held competitions at the Olympia in Eleia. [13]
Lycaean games, held around 1510 BC, are probably the oldest competitive games in Greece.
The summit of Lycaeus overlooks most of the Peloponnesus peninsula, and there is an altar on the summit for praying for rain, where human sacrifices were performed. [14]
Temenus, another son of Pelasgus, lived at the foot of Mount Cyllene in northern Arcadia, near where Stymphalus was later formed. [15]
Lycaon had many sons, including his eldest son Nyctimus, each of whom founded cities in different parts of Arcadia. [16]
3.1 Pallas, son of Lycaon
Pallas opposed his father Lycaon, who practiced human sacrifice, and his faith grew. [17]
Pallas's daughter Athena gave Palladia, the patron goddess of the city, to Chryse when her sister Chryse married Dardanus. [18]
Chryse became Samothrace and her step-sister with Cybele, later called "Mother of the Gods," "Mother of the Mountains," and "Great Goddess of Phrygia." [19]
3.2 First Lycaon and Second Lycaon
Many names of Lycaon's sons have been passed down.
Among the sons, Nyctimus and Orchomenus are more than 30 years apart in birth year from the other sons. There seems to have been a lineage of Lycaon, son of Pelasgus, son of Lycaon, son of Pelasgus, son of Agenor.
In other words, it is assumed that the first Lycaon had a son named Pelasgus in addition to Nyctimus and Orchomenus, and that Pelasgus also had a Lycaon (a second Lycaon).
4 Age of Lycaon, son of Pelasgus
4.1 Founding of Heraea
In 1450 BC, Heraeus, son of the second Lycaon, migrated north-northwest from Lycosura and founded Heraea on the right bank of the Alpheius River. [20]
Heraeus married Sterope (or Asterie, Asterope), the daughter of Orchomenus, son of the first Lycaon, and they had a son, Oenomaus. [21]
4.2 Founding of Tegea
In 1450 BC, Tegeates, son of Lycaon, founded Tegea in the southeastern part of Arcadia. [22]
In 1430 BC, Tegeates' sons led a group of immigrants to Crete. [23]
After that, the inhabitants of Tegea were unknown until around 1370 BC, when Apheidas (or Aphidas), the son of Arcas, was confirmed to have lived there. [24]
4.3 Occurrence of major floods
In 1430 BC, a long period of flooding occurred in central Arcadia. [25]
Suffering from severe food shortages, the Arcadians migrated to various locations.
4.3.1 Emigration of Dardanus
Dardanus, son of Electra, daughter of Orchomenus, son of Lycaon, lived in the Methydrium, which his grandfather Orchomenus had founded. Methydrium was located on a small hill between the Maloetas and Mylaon rivers, which flow at an altitude of about 1,000 m. [26]
Dardanus led the Arcadians away from the Peloponnesus peninsula. Dardanus migrated north through the Aegean Sea and settled in Samothrace, located off the coast of Melas Gulf, just before the Strait of Hellespontos. [27]
Dardanus then relocated to Troas in the northwest of the Anatolian peninsula and became the founder of the kingdom of Troy. [28]
4.3.2 Emigration of Megassares
Dardanus' aunt Alcyone also accompanied him, along with her husband Megassares, her two sons Hyperenor and Hyrieus, and her daughter Pharnace. [29]
Megassares joined the Cadmus emigrants who stopped at Samothrace, resettled Boeotia, and founded Hyria. [30]
Megassares' two sons, Hyrieus and Hyperenor, became the second most powerful Sparti after Cadmus. [31]
Pharnace married Sandocus, son of Astynous of Sidon, and Cinyras was born. [32]
Astynous was the son of Phaethon, son of Tithonus, son of Cephalus, son of Herse, daughter of Cecrops, first king of Athenians. [33]
Sandocus migrated from Tyre in Phoenicia to Cilicia and founded Celenderis. [34]
Cinyras went to Cyprus, off the coast of Celenderis, and founded Palaepaphos near the southwest coast of the island. [35]
Laodice, daughter of Cinyras, became the wife of Elatus, son of Arcas of Arcadia. [36]
It is assumed that Elatus and Laodice's marriage was related to Laodice's grandmother Pharnace, who was born in Arcadia.
4.3.3 Emigration of Tegeates' sons
The three sons of Tegeates, son of Lycaon of Tegea, Cydon, Gortys, and Archedius, emigrated to Crete. [37]
They are believed to have been partway along with Dardanus' immigrant group.
Later, Minos, the son of Cydon, migrated to Troas, where Dardanus lived. [38]
Cydon founded Cydonia in the northwest of Crete, Gortys founded Gortyna in the center of the island, and Archedius founded Catreus. [39]
Cydon married Europa, daughter of Phoenix, who was among the Cadmus emigrants who stayed in Cydonia, and Minos and Cardys were born. [40]
4.3.4 Emigration of Parus
Parus, son of Parrhasius, son of Lycaon, who lived in Parrhasia in Arcadia, accompanied Dardanus' emigrants part way. Parus settled on the island of Paros, south of Delos. [41]
4.4 Emigration from Argos
In 1408 BC, Amphianaax, son of Antimachus, son of Aegyptus, and Midea, daughter of Danaus, migrated from Argos to the land that later became Mantineia. [42]
The Argives founded five settlements, called Ptolis. It was later named Mantineia, after Lycaon's son Mantineus. [43]
In the same year, Abas, son of Lynceus also migrated from Argos to Phocis and founded Abae. [44]
It is assumed that the cause of their migration was the occupation of Argos by Lamedon, son of Gelanor, who lived in Sicyon, whom Danaus had driven out. [45]
The marriage of Aglaia, daughter of Mantineus, and Abas, son of Lynceus, suggests that Abas emigrated to Arcadia with Amphianax and then re-emigrated to Phocis. [46]
Abas and Amphianax were cousins.
The tomb of Maera, daughter of Antaia, daughter of Amphianax, was near Mantineia. [47]
5 Age from Arcas, son of Callisto to Aleus, grandson of Arcas
5.1 Transmission of characters
The genealogy of the Arcadians becomes more detailed from the age of Arcas, son of Callisto.
It is thought that the cause was the migration of people who knew writing to Arcadia, and the following three routes are thought to be the cause.
1) Emigration of Amphianax, grandson of Danaus (contemporary with Arcas) from Argos.
2) Emigration from Eleusis following the marriage of Arcas, son of Callisto, to Meganira, daughter of Crocon.
3) Emigration from Cyprus following the marriage of Elatus, son of Arcas, to Laogore, daughter of Cinyras.
5.2 Founding of Trapezus
In 1405 BC, Callisto's son Arcas settled near the Alpheius River and founded Trapezus. [48]
5.3 Visit of Triptolemus
In 1402 BC, Arcas, son of Callisto, received cultivated grain seeds from Triptolemus, son of Celeus of Eleusis, and taught the inhabitants how to make bread. [49]
Through this, Arcas married Meganira, daughter of Crocon, son of Triptolemus. [50]
5.4 Marriage to Argos
In 1401 BC, Aglaia, daughter of Mantineus, married Abas, son of Lynceus of Argos. [51]
This marriage occurred because Abas's cousin Amphianax emigrated from Argos to Ptolis (later Mantineia).
5.5 Emigration to Ceos
In 1388 BC, Aristaeus, son of Archander, son of Achaeus and Cyrene, daughter of Hypseus, migrated to the island of Ceos. [52]
Part of the migration included Lycaon's descendants, the Parrhasians. [53]
5.6 Exile from Argos
In 1370 BC, Proetus, son of Abas of Argos, exiled by Acrisius, sought refuge in Amphianax of Ptolis. [54]
Aegyptus, the father of Antimachus, father of Amphianax, was the father of Lynceus, father of Abas, father of Proetus.
That is, Proetus turned to his father Abas's cousin Amphianax in exile.
Proetus married Stheneboea, daughter of Amphianax. [55]
Homer tells us that Proetus' wife was Anteia, but Homer seems to think she is the wife of Thersander's son Proetus. [56]
In 1368 BC, Proetus returned to Argolis and occupied Tiryns. [57]
5.7 Marriage to Corinth
In 1370 BC, Anteia, daughter of Amphianax, was married from Ptolis to Proetus, son of Thersander, son of Sisyphus of Corinth. [58]
5.8 Marriage from Cyprus
In 1360 BC, Elatus, son of Arcas, took as his wife Laogore, daughter of Cinyras and Metharme, from Palaepaphos in the southwestern part of Cyprus. [59]
For the circumstances that led to the long-distance marriage between Cyprus and Arcadia, see the Emigration of Megassares in 1430 BC.
5.9 Founding of Cleitor
In 1355 BC, Cleitor, son of Azan, son of Arcas, migrated from Trapezus to northern Arcadia and founded Cleitor. [60]
5.10 Founding of Elateia
In 1350 BC, Elatus, son of Arcas, led the Arcadians and sided with the Phocians, who were fighting against the Phlegyans who had invaded the sanctuary of Delphi. [61]
Elatus founded Elateia in Phocis. [62]
In Strabo's time, Elateia was the largest town in Phocis. [63]
Elateia is not mentioned in Homer and seems to have developed later than Homer. [64]
5.11 Daphne Legend
Pausanias writes the legend of Daphne. The setting was Heraea, near the confluence of the Alpheius River, which flows down from Arcadia to Eleia, and the Ladon River, which flows from the north. [65]
Pausanias praised the Ladon River, which flows near Heraea, as being the most beautiful river in Greece, and its beautiful flow is thought to have given rise to the legend of Daphne. [66]
Heraea was founded by Heraeus, son of Lycaon. It was then succeeded by Oenomaus, son of Sterope (or Asterie, Asterope), who Pausanias incorrectly reports as Oenomaus of Pisa. [67]
Therefore, Leucippus in the Daphne legend was not the son of Oenomaus of Pisa, but the son of Oenomaus, grandfather of Oenomaus of Pisa. [68]
Pausanias notes that the legend of Daphne persisted in Arcadia and Eleia. This legend was born in Arcadia and seems to have spread with the advance of Oenomaus, the father of Hippodamia, to Eleia. [69]
5.12 Genealogy of Oenomaus
Heraeus, the founder of Heraea, had a son, Oenomaus.
This Oenomaus was the grandfather of Oenomaus of Pisa, which Pausanias mistakenly believes. [70]
Besides Leucippus, Oenomaus also had a son named Alxion (or Alexinus). [71]
Alxion married Epopeus' daughter Harpina (or Harpine) from Sicyon, and they had a son, Oenomaus. [72]
Harpina named the river Ladon, after her grandfather, the river that joins the Alpheius near Heraea. Harpina's mother was Ladon's daughter Metope. [73]
The Ismerus River, which flows east of Cadmeia in Boeotia, where Harpina's grandfather Ladon lived, was also called the Ladon River. [74]
5.13 Oenomaus advances to Eleia
In 1330 BC, Oenomaus advanced from Heraea along the Alpheius River to Eleia and founded Harpina, named after his mother. [75]
Oenomaus then grew in power, and in 1315 BC he expelled Pisus, son of Perieres, who lived in Pisa, Heraea's neighbor to the west, from the town and became ruler of Pisa. [76]
Oenomaus also took over Olympia, which was under Elis' control at the time, and held competitions there. [77]
5.14 Battle of Pelops and Oenomaus
In 1312 BC, Pelops, son of Tantalus, was attacked by Ilus, son of Tros of Ilium, and migrated from Lydia to the Peloponnesos peninsula. [78]
Pelops landed near the mouth of the Eurotas River in the back of Laconia Bay. Pelops added Acrias, the founder of Acriae near the mouth of the river, to the army and increased the number of soldiers at Amyclae and Sparta along the way. Pelops entered Arcadia and descended the Alpheius River until he reached Pisa. [79]
Pelops' aim was to recapture Olympia, from which his grandfather Clymenus had been exiled. [80]
Pelops took possession of both towns, fighting Oenomaus of Pisa, who at that time had control of Olympia. [81]
5.15 Marriage to Mycenae and Elis
In 1297 BC, Antibia, daughter of Amphidamas, was married from Alea, near Stymphalus, to Sthenelus, son of Perseus of Mycenae. [82]
In the same year, Nausidame, another daughter of Amphidamas, married from Alea to Eleius, son of Alector (or Alexinus) of Elis. [83]
These two marriages were related to Heracles' attack on Elis.
The son of Sthenelus was Eurystheus of Mycenae, and the son of Alector was Augeas of Elis.
In other words, Eurystheus and Augeas were step cousins.
Before the birth of Eurystheus, Elis and Mycenae were on good terms due to the marriage between Sthenelus and Antibia. However, when Eurystheus' father Sthenelus married Pelops' daughter Nicippe (or Archippe) for the second time, their relationship cooled. [84]
After Pelops's death, Elis's Augeas held competitions at Olympia on behalf of Pisa, and began to exert influence over Pisa as well. Eurystheus, upon petition from Pisa, sent Heracles to attack Elis. [85]
5.16 Marriage to Tiryns
In 1287 BC, Laonome, daughter of Guneus of Pheneus, married Amphitryon, son of Alcaeus of Tiryns, and they had a son, Iphicles. [86]
There is a tradition that Amphitryon's mother was Laonome, but there is no tradition that Amphitryon's wife was Laonome. However, when creating a genealogy, the age difference between Amphitryon's wife Alcmena and Iphicles is only 7 years, so it is not reasonable to consider Alcmena as Iphicles' mother.
Later, in a battle with Elis, when Iphicles was mortally wounded, Buphagus of Pheneus and his wife Promne nursed Iphicles. It is presumed that there was a relative relationship between the two. [87]
6 Age of Lycurgus, son of Aleus
6.1 Emigration from Athens
In 1277 BC, the Athenians, chased by Aegeus, migrated to Caphyae near Orchomenus, relying on Aleus' son Cepheus. [88]
Some say Caphyae was founded by Aeneas and named after his grandfather Capys. However, that seems to be a fabricated story spread in order to receive Rome's protection. [89]
6.2 Emigration from Boeotia
In 1256 BC, Hippomenes, son of Megareus, migrated from Onchestus in Boeotia to Arcadia. [90]
Schoeneus of Schoinos in Boeotia also migrated to Arcadia. [91]
Their migration was to escape the Thebans, who had gained power after winning a battle with Orchomenians.
Schoeneus founded Schoenus near Tegea. [92]
Hippomenes married Atalanta, daughter of Schoeneus, and had a son, Parthenopaeus. [93]
6.3 Marriage to Mycenae
In 1252 BC, Antimache, daughter of Amphidamas of Tegea, married Eurystheus, son of Sthenelus of Mycenae. [94]
Aleus, father of Lycurgus, father of Amphidamas, father of Antimache, was father of Amphidamas, father of Antibia, wife of Sthenelus, father of Eurystheus.
In other words, Antimache married the son of Sthenelus, husband of Antibia, cousin of her father Amphidamas.
6.4 Dispute with Arene in Eleia
In 1250 BC, Lycurgus, son of Aleus of Tegea, disputed land with Arene of Triphylia in south of Eleia, and defeated Areithous. [95]
Areithous was the husband of Phylomedusa, and their son Menesthius appears in Homer's Iliad as a warrior in the Trojan War. [96]
The 5th century BC historian Pherecydes says that Areithous was a Boeotian. Areithous is thought to be the leader of the Minyans who migrated from Orchomenus in Boeotia to Pylus in Eleia and then to Triphylia with Nestor's mother Chloris. [97]
Areithous met his end at the defile on the way from Arene to Tegea, falling under the tricks of Lycurgus. [98]
At the narrowing of the road from Mantineia to Tegea was the tomb of Areithous. [99]
6.5 Tombs of the daughters of Pelias
Pausanias tells us that near Mantineia were the tombs of the daughters of Pelias of Iolcus in Thessaly. [100]
Pelias and his daughters were associated with the Argonauts' expeditions, and it is assumed that it was the Minyans who brought their traditions to Arcadia.
The Minyans passed from Iolcus through Lemnos, Laconia, and Thera to Libya, and then migrated to Cyrene. [101]
In the 6th century BC, Cyrene invited Demonax from Mantineia, which had an excellent state system, to reform its government. [102]
Cyrene and Mantineia had contact, and it is assumed that the folklore of the Minyans was passed on to the Mantineans.
The Mantineans, who competed in history with Argos and Sparta, are thought to have built the tombs of the daughters of Pelias, who appear in the famous story.
6.6 Emigration of Centaurs
In 1246 BC, the Centaurs, who lived near Mount Pelion in Thessaly, were chased by the Lapiths led by Peirithous, son of Ixion, and migrated to various places. [103]
Legend has it that some of the Centaurs fled to Mount Pholoe in western Arcadia, where they were destroyed in a battle with Heracles. [104]
However, this legend, like the tombs of the daughters of Pelias, appears to be a work of fiction.
Most of the Centaurs migrated to the region of Aethices, at the head of the Peneius River in the north of Thessaly. [105]
Some Centaurs also settled near the Evenus River, which flows east of Calydon in Aetolia. [106]
The Aenianians, to whom the Centaurs belong, migrated from Dotium to the vicinity of Mount Oeta. [107]
The Centaurs, led by Nessus, are presumed to have fled from Mount Oeta via Callium to the Evenus River near Naupactus. [108]
6.7 Battle with Pylus in Eleia
In 1244 BC, the sons of Neleus of Pylus in southern Eleia fought against the Arcadians for control of Chaa. [109]
The king of the Arcadians at this time was Lycurgus, son of Aleus of Tegea. Because Lycurgus was old, his vassal Ereuthalion led the Arcadians. Eleuthalion fought in the armor of Areithous, but was slain by Nestor, son of Neleus. [110]
Lycurgus' tomb was not at Tegea, but at Lepreus, near Chaa, suggesting that he died of illness in battle. [111]
7 Age of Heracles
7.1 Emigration from Tiryns
In 1243 BC, Amphitryon's son Heracles migrated from Tiryns to Pheneus. [112]
Earlier, Heracles had killed Molione's two sons, Cteatus and Eurytus, and Eurystheus of Mycenae was asked by Elis to hand over Heracles. [113]
Eurystheus ordered Heracles to leave Tiryns.
7.2 Expedition to Elis
In 1240 BC, Heracles went on an expedition from Pheneus to Elis, fought against Augeas, and captured the town. [114]
Pausanias reports that Pisa, along with Pylus, also sided with Elis. [115]
However, as mentioned above, this battle is a request from Pisa, who is in conflict with Elis over Olympia, and it is impossible for Pisa to side with Elis.
7.3 Emigration to Italy
7.3.1 Departure from Arcadia
In 1240 BC, a conflict broke out at Pallantium (near present-day Palantio), just west of Tegea. Evander, the son of Themis, was defeated in the battle and left the town with his people in search of a new world. [116]
Evander belonged to the Parrhasians, a descendant of Lycaon, son of Pelasgus, who settled from Argos into Arcadia. [117]
The emigrant group led by Evander followed the road from Tegea, through Olympia, to Olenus.
On the way, Evander encountered people encamped near the Alpheius River, people who had lost their way after participating in Heracles' attack on Elis at Olympia. [118]
Evander enlisted the Epeans of Dyme in Achaia and the Arcadians of Pheneus to join his emigrant group. [119]
Evander sailed from Cyllene, the outer port of Elis, for the Italian peninsula. [120]
7.3.2 Settlement in Latium
Evander's emigrants sailed clockwise around the Italian peninsula, up the Tiber River on the central west coast, and landed in what would become known as Rome. Evander settled near a hill called Velia (later Palatium). [121]
About 35 km east of there, Herilus, ruler of Praeneste (present-day Palestrina), challenged Evander to battle, but was repulsed. [122]
Evander's emigrants included veterans of Heracles' campaigns. [123]
At that time, Faunus of Laurentum, tormented by the barbarous Sicels, accepted Evander as an ally. [124]
Evander aided Faunus in slaying Cacus, the son of Vulcanus (or Vulcan), the leader of the Sicels, and drove the Sicels south. [125]
The Epeans and Arcadians of Pheneus who accompanied Evander settled in the Saturnian hills, where Sicels lived. [126]
7.3.3 Descendants of Evander
After Evander emigrated, he married Nicostrate, a daughter of Sabines, who may have been a relative of Faunus, and they had a son, Pallas. [127]
Nicostrate is said to have been a divine prophet who gave oracles, and was also called Carmenta. [128]
Evander's mother Themis, also known as Carmenta, was also a seer and passed down the arts from her mother-in-law to her daughter-in-law. [129]
Pallas, son of Lycaon, son of Pelasgus, an ancestor of Themis, had a daughter named Chryse. Chryse also had mystical religious traditions, which were probably passed down through generations of women in the line of Pallas, son of Lycaon. [130]
In 1182 BC, Evander's son Pallas sided with Aeneas and died in battle against Faunus's successor Aeneas and Turnus the Rutulian. [131]
Evander and Aeneas were a kindred spirit whose common ancestor was Lycaon, son of Pelasgus.
In 1154 BC, the descendants of the Arcadians, led by Evander, settled in Alba, founded by Ascanius, son of Aeneas. [132]
However, some of the Arcadians continued to live near the Palatine Hill. Faustulus, the adoptive father of Romulus, the founder of Rome, was one of them. [133]
7.3.4 Others
It is said that the Alphabet was brought to Italy by the Arcadians who immigrated with Evander and greatly contributed to the prosperity of Rome. [134]
It is assumed that the alphabet is not the Greek alphabet, but the Pelasgic letters that were used until the time of Homer. [135]
In the 2nd century AD, Antoninus, the 15th Roman Emperor, recognized Evander's achievements by elevating his hometown of Pallantium in Arcadia to a city, granting autonomy to its inhabitants and exempting them from taxes. [136]
The citizens of Pallantium then erected a statue of Evander. [137]
7.4 Battle against Lacedaemon
In 1239 BC, Heracles fought and defeated Hippocoon and his sons at Amyclae and Sparta. [138]
In this battle Cepheus of Tegea also took part along with his sons. [139]
Tradition tells us that the cause of this battle was Heracles' personal grudge against Hippocoon. [140]
However, the truth seems to be that in the conflict between the Arcadians and the Lacedaemonians, Heracles sided with the former.
7.5 Emigration to Calydon
In 1238 BC, Heracles moved to Calydon in Aetolia, after living in Pheneus for 5 years. [141]
It is assumed that Eurystheus, who felt threatened by Heracles' growing power, forced him to leave Pheneus through his wife's father, Amphidamas, the son of Lycurgus, ruler of Arcadia.
7.6 Emigration to Mysia
In 1230 BC, Auge's son Telephus migrated to Mysia of Pergamene. [142]
Telephus is said to have been the son of Heracles and Auge, but his father was Clymenus, son of Schoeneus. Telephus and his people could not stand the tyranny of Clymenus and migrated to Asia Minor. [143]
Telephus' mother Auge married Teuthras, ruler of Mysia, and Telephus married Teuthras' daughter Argiope. [144]
Telephus succeeded Teuthras as ruler of Mysia. [145]
7.6.1 Descendants of Auge and Telephus
Auge and Teuthras had a son, Teuthranius. [146]
Telephus and Argiope had a son, Eurypylus. [147]
During the Trojan War, Teutranius and Eurypylus led the Mysians and are said to have died fighting the Achaeans on Troy's side. [148]
7.7 Participation in Thebes attack
Telephus was accompanied by Parthenopaeus, son of Atalata, daughter of Schoeneus, in his migration to Mysia. [149]
Parthenopaeus was born in Schoenus, near Tegea. [150]
Parthenopaeus' mother, Atalata was sister of Clymenus, father of Telephus, and Parthenopaeus and Telephus were cousins. [151]
In 1215 BC, Parthenopaeus joined Adrastus of Argos in an expedition against Thebes to avenge his grandfather's regrets, but he was killed in battle. [152]
In 1205 BC, Parthenopaeus' two sons, Tlesimenes and Biantes, rushed from Mysia to participate in Epigoni's attack on Thebes to avenge their father's death. [153]
8 Trojan War era
8.1 Emigration to Cyprus
Homer tells us that Agapenor, son of Ancaeus, led the Arcadians in the expedition to Troy. [154]
Pausanias tells us that the ships manned by Arcadians was caught in a storm and washed ashore in Cyprus on its way back from Troy. [155]
However, the purpose of Agapenor's migration to Cyprus was to mine copper. [156]
Agapenor, son of Ancaeus, founded Paphos near Palaepaphos in the southwestern part of Cyprus. [157]
Laodice, mother of Pereus, father of Neaera, mother of Lycurgus, father of Ancaeus, father of Agapenor, was the daughter of Cinyras, the founder of Palaepaphos. [158]
In other words, Arcadia and Cyprus have been in contact for a long time.
Later, Laodice, a descendant of Agapenor who lived in Cyprus, dedicated her outer garments in the temple of Athena Alea at Tegea. [159]
Pausanias records the poetic inscriptions attached to the votive offerings, but if Pausanias actually saw them, Laodice dates from the 4th century BC or later.
The temple of Athena Alea was destroyed by fire in the second year of the 96th Olympiad (395 BC) and has since been rebuilt. [160]
8.2 Emigration to Bithynia
Apollodorus tells us that in addition to the people who settled in Cyprus after the fall of Troy, there were also people who settled near the Sangarius River. [163]
Although it may not be related to the Trojan War, it is thought that some Arcadians migrated to Bithynia.
They were probably Mantineans who settled in Bithynium (later Claudiopolis) near the Sangarius River.
Antinous, a favorite of the Roman emperor Hadrian in the 2nd century AD, was a native of Bithynium. [164]
Hadrian founded a temple to Antinous in Mantineia, the birthplace of his ancestors, after Antinous' death. [165]
Hadrian favored Mantineia partly because among Arcadians, only Mantineians sided with the Roman emperor Augustus. [166]
8.3 Emigration from Mycenae
In 1173 BC, Cleodaeus, son of Hyllus, led the Dorians against Mycenae and destroyed the city. [167]
Orestes, son of Agamemnon, migrated from Mycenae to Tegea. [168]
Tradition says that Orestes emigrated “according to an oracle,” but in reality, he seems to have fled to Tegea after losing a battle with the Dorians. [169]
Orestes then expelled the Dorians from Peloponnesus, but did not live in the destroyed Mycenae, but met his end in Tegea. [170]
Orestes' tomb was located inside the city gates of Tegea, but the Spartans stole his remains and reburied them in Sparta. [171]
In the time of Pausanias, the tomb of Orestes was located in Sparta. [172]
Many Achaeans migrated to Arcadia with Orestes, and may have continued to live there even after the Dorians became masters of Lacedaemon.
When the Spartans fought against the Messenians, the Arcadians supported the Messenians as their kin.
8.4 Transfer of capital from Tegea to Trapezus
In 1173 BC, Hippothous, son of Cercyon, king of Arcadia, moved his capital from Tegea to Trapezus. [173]
Pausanias tells us that Orestes, son of Agamemnon of Mycenae, ruled over most of Arcadia, which probably included Tegea. [174]
Orestes met his end at Tegea. [175]
9 Peloponnesus of Dorians
9.1 Return of the Heracleidae
In 1112 BC, the Dorians, led by Temenus, son of Aristomachus, landed at Cape Rion in Achaia. [176]
Temenus entered Arcadia from Aegae of Achaia. [177]
Temenus seems to have tried to win over the Arcadians, who were in their army, and the people of Arcadia, whose kin lived there. [178]
Heracles, the ancestor of the Heracleidae, lived in Pheneus in northern Arcadia for five years, so it was a familiar place for the Heracleidae. [179]
Cypselus, king of Arcadia, entertained Heracleidae and married his daughter Merope to Temenus' brother Cresphontes. [180]
Arcadia was the only region within Peloponnesus whose inhabitants did not move after the Dorians became rulers of Peloponnesus.
9.2 Aepytus' return to Messenia
Cresphontes, the son of Aristomachus, took possession of Messenia, and Merope had his sons born to him. [181]
Cresphontes ruled to please the people, so the rich people with property revolted and killed Cresphontes and his sons. [182]
Aepytus, the youngest son of Cresphontes, was spared as he was brought up by his grandfather, who lived in Trapezus of Arcadia. [183]
In 1082 BC, Aepytus returned to Stenyclerus in Messenia, supported by his mother's brother Holaeas in Arcadia, Isthmius, son of Temenus, in Argos, and Eurysthenes and Procles in Sparta. [184]
9.3 Battle with Sparta
In 920 BC, Sous, the Spartan king of Agiadae, fought against the Cleitorians. [185]
The Cleitorians were the inhabitants of Cleitor, founded in northern Arcadia by Cleitor, son of Azan, in 1355 BC. [186]
In 900 BC, Agis, the Spartan king of Eurypontidae, invaded Arcadia and was killed by the Mantineans. [187]
Euryphon (or Euryphon), son of Sous, the Spartan king of Agiadae, attacked and captured Mantineia. [188]
9.4 Trade with Aeginetans
In 850 BC, Pompus, son of Simus of Trapezus, traded with the Aeginetans and gave his son the name Aeginetes as a sign of friendship with them. [189]
The Aeginetans brought supplies overland from Cylene, the outer port of Elis. [190]
The trade goods of the Aeginetans included dishes from Sicily and barrels from Megara, while the trade goods of the Arcadians are thought to have been donkeys, which were needed for carrying mules and producing mules for plowing. [191])
Strabo reports that there was the donkey farms in Arcadia. [192]
9.5 Battle with Sparta
In 790 BC, Tegea was attacked by Charillus, son of Polydectes of Sparta. The Tegeans, led by Elnes, fought bravely and took many prisoners, including Charillus himself. Spartan prisoners were shackled and forced to work in the fields. [193]
The fetters were dedicated to the temple of Athena Alea at Tegea, and Pausanias wrote that he had seen them. [194]
However, in 395 BC, the old temple was burnt down and what Pausanias saw were the fetters in the rebuilt temple.
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