1 Introduction
Regarding the Trojan War, like the story of the Argonauts' expedition, there seems to have been a story of an expedition to Troy that featured heroes of the time who did not actually participate.
Homer hints that Philoctes, left behind on the island of Lemnos, will later be summoned to Troy. [1]
The tragic poet Sophocles of the 5th century BC tells a specific anecdote about Philoctes.
It is presumed that there were stories about the Trojan expedition before Homer's time.
The information in this chapter was written based on Greek historical sources before I obtained information about Asia Minor and Troy from Hittite texts, and therefore differs from historical fact.
The Trojan War, in which Agamemnon, Odysseus, Diomedes, etc. do not appear, is described in "Trojan War as a Historical Fact."
2 About the causes of Trojan War
2.1 Tradition
2.1.1 Helen seduction theory in Paris
Dictys, a vassal of Idomeneus, son of Deucalion, son of Minos, who led the Crete army to Troy and fought on the Greek side, was entertained as a guest when Paris (or Alexander), son of Priam, king of Troy, visited the town of Sparta. However, it is said that the Trojan War was caused by Menelaus seducing Menelaus' wife Helen while he was away on Crete to mourn his mother Aerope (or Eriphyle)'s father Catreus. [2]
2.1.2 Anchises family conspiracy theory
Acusilaus, a 6th century BC mythologist, wrote that Priam's cousin Anchises and his son Aeneas received an oracle that said, “When Priam's reign falls, the descendants of Anchises will become kings of the Trojans.” It is said that he planted a desire on her, forced Helen to be robbed, and led to the destruction of Troy. [3]
Dictys tells us that Aeneas accompanied Paris when he visited Sparta. [4]
2.2 Rebuttal
Menelaus had no reason to entertain the prince of Troy, who had driven his great-grandfather Pelops from his homeland, and there would have been no excuse to visit Paris. [5]
It is also inconceivable that Helen would run away in a fit of passion, leaving behind her nine-year-old daughter. [6]
Even if they were to forcibly kidnap Helen, it would be difficult as there is a considerable distance from Sparta to the coast.
2.3 Guessing
The 5th century BC historian Herodotus speculates that Helen was never in Ilium. However, in reality, it seems that Agamemnon had no connection to Helen at all and invited her to participate in the expedition due to her influence. [7]
Helen's father, Tyndareus, gave orders to his daughter's suitors with an oath to unite and protect them in the event of any harm to his daughter or her husband-to-be. It is said that he invited the others to participate in the expedition. However, based on the following points, it is assumed that this was a revenge fight by the Pelopidae, led by Agamemnon. [8]
2.3.1 The Argives swore revenge over Tantalus' remains.
The 2nd century AD travel writer Pausanias tells us that there is a place in Argos that contains the urn of Tantalus, and that is where the Argives vowed to conquer Troy. [9]
Pausanias himself seems to have believed that Tantalus was the son of Thyestes, the ex-husband of Clytaemnestra, whom Agamemnon had killed. However, it is difficult to understand that Agamemnon would swear an oath to the man he killed. [10]
Pausanias seems to have seen the tomb of Tantalus in the mountains of Sipylus in Lydia, and therefore thought that it was not Tantalus, the father of Pelops. However, when Pelops left Lydia, he took with him the remains of his father, Tantalus, into exile in Greece. It is more likely that the expeditionary forces swore revenge over the remains of Tantalus, who had been driven from his homeland by the Trojans. [11]
2.3.2 Achilles attacked the refusators.
Poemander the son of Stratonice of Tanagra in Boeotia refused to take part in the expedition and was attacked by Achilles, and Acestor, the son of Ephippus, the son of Poemander, was slain by Achilles. Poemander and Acestor were not Helen's suitors, and this shows that they were gathering an army by force. [12]
2.3.3 The commander in chief of the expedition was Agamemnon.
If the purpose of the expedition to Troy is to retake Helen based on a pledge made to the suitors, then Helen's father Tyndareus, the organizer of the pledge, should lead the expedition. However, Tyndareus had already died at that time, and it seemed appropriate that Menelaus would succeed him as the supreme commander. [13]
However, it was Agamemnon, Menelaus' older brother and king of Mycenae, who actually became the supreme commander. From this, it seems that the suitors and the vows were the creations of later generations, and were actually a revenge war by Agamemnon, who had gained immense power. [14]
3 Reasons for participation of participants other than Pelopidae
3.1 Reasons for Achilles’ participation
Achilles has no genealogical connection to the Pelops family and has no reason to cooperate with Agamemnon.
Conversely, Peleus, who killed Phocus, the grandfather of Strophius, the husband of Agamemnon's sister Anaxibia, was the father of Achilles, and it can be said that Achilles and Agamemnon were enemies. [15]
Achilles actively cooperates with Agamemnon, attacking those who refuse to join the Trojan expedition. As reported by the 8th century BC bard Homer, Agamemnon may have invited Achilles to join him on an expedition on the condition that he cede his land. [16]
After the fall of Troy, Agamemnon and Neoptolemus, the son of Achilles, stopped at Tenedos, where the plunder was stored, before returning. The expedition was not limited to Achilles, but was also aimed at plundering. [17]
3.2 Participation by resolution of Amphictyons
Gouneus, the son of Ocytus of the Aenianians (or Enienes), also participated in the expedition from Cyphus, on the northern outskirts of Thessaly, at the western foot of Mount Olympus. It is also thought that he participated in the expedition based on a resolution of the Amphictyons. [18]
The Amphictyons were a tribal group that expelled the Pelasgians from Thessaly in 1390 BC. The first leader was Amphictyon, son of Deucalion, who lived in Antheia near Thermopylae of Locris. Participating tribes at the time were the Ionians, Dolopians, Thessalians, Aenianians, Magnesians, Malians, Phthiotians, Dorians, and the tribes of Phocians and the Locrians, who lived at the foot of the Cnemis bordering Phocis. [19]
Afterwards, Acrisius, son of Abas of Argos, is said to have organized the Amphictyons, and Acrisius seems to have been the leader at this time. [20]
In the time of Acrisius, Achaeans, who had migrated from Thessaly, were widely inhabited from Laconia to Argolis. The tribes that joined the Amphictyons also traced back to their origins as the Hellenes. Acrisius took his wife from Lacedaemon. Acrisius' twin brother Proetus founded the temple of Hera near the sea at Sicyon. Argos' influence extended far and wide, from northern Argolis to Laconia. [21]
Phlegyas, king of Orchomenus, gathered a group of warriors called Phlegyans from all over Greece to attack the surrounding towns and even approached Delphi. Philammon of Argos led an elite force into battle against the Phlegyans, but was annihilated. [22]
This Philammon is presumed to be the son of Acrisius, and Acrisius seems to have taken this opportunity to organize the Amphictyons. [23]
4 Supply Base Lemnos
There was a man named Euneus in Lemnos, about 70 km west of Ilium, who welcomed Agamemnon's party before landing on Troy, and after landing, supplied supplies to the expeditionary force. [24]
Strabon, a geographer from the early 1st century AD, said that Euneus was the son of Jason, the son of Aeson, who led the Argonaut expedition, but this argument is based on the 4th century BC mythological writer Asclepiades' “The Tragic Tale.”
He tells us that Euneus was the son of Jason, who stopped at Lemnos during one of the Argonauts' expeditions, and Hypsipyle, the daughter of Thoas who ruled the island. [25]
However, this Thoas is likely the son of Ariadne, the daughter of Minos, who was entrusted with Lemnos when the Minos family of Crete expanded into the Aegean Sea. [26]
When creating a family tree, the age difference between Jason and Hypsipyle is 34 years, even if each generation from Minos to Hypsipyle is 18 years old. Even in that case, Hypsipyle would have been 8 years old when Jason visited Lemnos, although it is assumed that she was actually shortly after her birth.
The 2nd century AD writer Apollodorus reports that the enslaved Hypsipyle served in Nemea in the northern part of the Peloponnesus peninsula. However, it does not tell us how Euneus, whose mother was a slave, came to be the master of Lemnos. [27]
In reality, Thoas' brothers Phliasus and Eurymedon of Phlius in Argolis, who participated in the Argonauts' expedition, stopped at Lemnos and brought Hypsipyle back with them. Alternatively, Hypsipyle may have later migrated from Lemnos to Phlius with the help of his uncle. [28]
Hypsipyle married Pronax, son of Talaus, who lived in Nemea, not far from Phlius. [29]
When Euneus came of age, Nemea was probably under the control of the Mycenae, located about 10 km south-southeast. Euneus appears to have returned to Lemnos during the Trojan expedition with the help of Agamemnon, who sought to use Lemnos as a supply base, and to have succeeded his grandfather, Thoas.
Strabon, a geographer from the early 1st century AD, said that when Achilles attacked and plundered the islands and towns around Troy, he did not touch Lemnos because of the kinship between Jason and Achilles. That's because Lemnos was an important supply base. [30]
5 Forward Base Tenedos
Leucophrys, located about 20 km southwest of Ilium, changed its name to Tenedos after Tenes (or Tenes), son of Cycnus (or Cygnus), who ruled Colonae south of Ilium, moved to the island and was ruled by Tenes. [31]
The shortest distance from Tenedos to Troia on the mainland was 5km, and Agamemnon raided the island before landing on Troy, and Tenes was defeated by Achilles and all the inhabitants were slaughtered. [32]
However, on the Peloponnesus peninsula, midway between Corinth and Mycenae, there was Tenea, also called Genea, inhabited by people who had been forcibly removed from Tenedos by order of Agamemnon. Agamemnon forcibly removed the island's potentially hostile inhabitants in order to use Tenedos as a forward base. Euneus of Lemnos was in charge of transporting them rearward, and it is thought that they were placed in Tenea, near Euneus's own birthplace of Nemea. [33]
Most of the immigrants to Syracuse, founded in Sicily in 750 BC, led by Archias, one of the Heracleidae of Corinth, were residents of Tenea. [34]
After ravaging Mysia, Achilles often returned to Agamemnon at Tenedos with the plunder, using the island as a storage place for his spoils. [35]
When both Agamemnon and Neoptolemus leave Troy, they stop at Tenedos to take home their spoils. [36]
6 Conquering various areas around Troy
Achilles son of Peleus and Ajax son of Telamon were appointed admirals over the fleet, and each led a force to ravage the towns around Troy. [37]
Achilles reportedly sacked 12 towns by boat and 11 on foot. [38]
6.1 Ajax Strategy
6.1.1 Chersonese in Thracia
Survived by Ajax, Polymestor of Chersonese surrendered and promised to supply the expeditionary force. [39]
At this time, among Ajax's army, Protesilaus was the first to land, but was killed in battle. Protesilaus was buried at Elaesus (or Eleus), at the southern end of the Thracian Chersonesus. [40]
Polymestor, whose wife is Priam's daughter Iliona, is presumed to be a descendant of Phineus, the founder of Salmydessus, who is the father of Thynus, the father of Eioneus, the father of Dymas, the father of Hecuba, the wife of Priam. [41]
6.1.2 Phrygia
Ajax attacked Phrygia across the Hellespont from the Chersonese, fought and killed Teuthras, and took her daughter Tecmessa prisoner. [42]
Ajax and Tecmessa had a son, Eurysaces, who later acquired the citizenship of Athens, ceded the island of Salamis to Athens, and Eurysaces lived in Brauron on the east coast of Attica. Philaeus, son of Eurysaces, was descended from Miltiades, a general who defeated the Persian army at the Battle of Marathon in 490 BC. [43]
6.2 Achilles Strategy
6.2.1 Lesbos
Achilles attacked the Lesbos who were allied with Troy, killed Phorbas, and took his daughter Diomedea as his spoil. [44]
Phorbas was a relative of Priam and ruled the island at the time. [45]
They also attacked Methymna on the north coast of Lesbos, killing Lampetus, Hicetaon, and Hypsipylus son of Antenor. [46]
It is assumed that Nauplius' son Palamedes was killed in this battle. Achilles mourned the death of Palamedes, and there was a tomb for Palamedes in Methymna. [47]
Phorbas, who was killed by Achilles, is thought to be a descendant of Lesbos, son of Lapithes, who migrated from Thessaly to what was then called Pelasgia or the House of Macar around 1340 BC, and became the progenitor of Lesbos. Achilles was the son of Peleus, son of Aeacus, son of Actor, son of Pisidice, daughter of Aeolus, son of Lapithes, and was a kindred spirit whose common ancestor was Lapithes, son of Aeolus. [48]
Lesbos was formerly known as the island of Pelasgia and was inhabited by many Pelasgians, but later became an island ruled by the Aeolis who migrated from Thessaly. However, his ties to Troy by marriage were strong, and his resistance to Achilles is thought to have been fierce. The wife of Helicaon, brother of Hypsipylus son of Antenor, was Laodice, daughter of Priam. [49]
Aeolis colonization begins after the Trojan War. Lesbos is said to have been once occupied by Penthilus, son of Orestes, and then again by Gras, son of Echelas (or Archelaus), son of Penthilus. [50]
6.2.2 Scyros
Achilles captured Scyros, which was ruled by Enyeus. [51]
Pausanias mentions Scyros, north of Euboea, after stating that Achilles captured Scyros. [52]
Therefore, there is a misunderstanding that Achilles attacked Scyros, the hometown of Achilles' wife.
However, at that time Enyeus, son of Ariadne, daughter of Minos, ruled over Cyrnus, which was on the other side of Rhodes. [53]
Dictys reports that Achilles captured Scyros and Hierapolis at about the same time. [54]
Cyrnus is located approximately 120 km south-southwest of Hierapolis.
From the above, it seems that Achilles conquered Cyrnus, not Scyros.
In other words, Scyros, which was conquered by Achilles and ruled by Enyeus, was not Scyros, but Cyrnus on the opposite shore of Rhodes.
6.2.3 Hierapolis
After Achilles captured Cyrnus, opposite Rhodes, he sacked the wealthy town of Hierapolis at the request of his soldiers. [55]
Hierapolis was famous during the Rome period for its polychrome marble and for its rich waters suitable for dyeing. Hierapolis was in the hinterland, a five-day journey each way from the coast, but it must have been a popular town since the time of Achilles. [56]
6.2.4 Thebe
Achilles attacked Thebe, south-east of Mount Ida, killed Eetion, and took captive his wife, Astynome, the daughter of Chryses. [57]
It is said that Achilles played the harp, which was among the spoils he had obtained from Eetion, to soothe his soul. [58]
The lyre was brought from Samothrace by Dardanus's nephew Corybas, who married Thebe, the daughter of Cilix, and it became the property of Lyrnessus, and then Thebe. [59]
Also among the spoils from Eetion was an iron ingot, which Achilles took as a prize in the competition. In the age when swords were made of bronze, an iron ingot that could be thrown by a man was worth five years' worth of a farmer's annual income. [60]
6.2.5 Lyrnessus
Achilles attacked Lyrnessus near Thebe, killed Mynes and Epistrophus, the two sons of Evenus son of Selepus, and took prisoner Briseis, the wife of Mynes, the daughter of Briseus of Pedasus. [61]
6.2.6 Pedasus
Achilles attacked Pedasus, a town in the Leleges south of Ilium, forced Briseus (or Brises) to commit suicide, killed his three sons, and took his daughter Hippodamia prisoner. [62]
6.2.7 Scepsis
Achilles also ravaged the area around Mount Ida, and Scepsis, considered the seat of Aeneas, son of Anchises, was attacked, and Aeneas fled without a fight toward Lyrnessus. [63]
6.2.8 Phocaea
Achilles also reportedly ravaged Phocaea, south of Mysia, opposite Lesbos. However, Phocaea was founded in 1080 BC by the Phocaeans of Phocis who migrated to the southern part of Aeolis, and it is thought that there was a nameless village at that time. [64]
6.2.9 Colophon
Colophon, near Ephesus, is also said to be the name of the town that Achilles ravaged. [65]
However, Colophon was founded in 1200 BC by Rhacius, son of Lebes, who led a group of immigrants from Crete and moved to the mainland between Chios and Samos. [66]
Shortly after Rhacius lived in Colophon, the Boeotians who had been captured during the Epigoni attack on Thebes moved there and lived with the Cretans. Manto (or Daphne), the daughter of the Thebes seer Tiresias, who was among the settlers, married Rhacius and gave birth to a son, Mopsus, who became a greater prophet than Calchas, who served Agamemnon. [67]
At the time that Achilles attempted to attack Colophon, the Mycenaean Rhacius was presumed to be in charge of the town, and it is thought that no plundering occurred. [68]
6.2.10 Smyrna
Achilles also reportedly trolled Smyrna. [69]
However, Smyrna, one of the twelve cities of Ionia, had not yet been founded.
Also, in a corner of Ephesus, founded by Androclus son of Codrus in 1075 BC, there was once an old town named after Smyrna, the leader of the Amazons who occupied the area. However, Smyrna had not yet been founded. [70]
Around the time of the Trojan War, Ephesus was called Alope, and the invasion of the Amazons also occurred during the reign of Oxyntes, son of Demophon, king of Athens, one generation after the fall of Troy. [71]
6.2.11 Clazomenae
Clazomenae is also the name of the town that Achilles ravaged. However, Clazomenae is said to have been founded in 1050 BC by a people led by Paralus (or Parphorus) of Colophon, and it is thought that there was a nameless settlement at that time. [72]
6.2.12 Cyme
Cyme, near Phocaea, is also the name of the town that Achilles ravaged. However, Cyme was a town founded after the Trojan War and did not exist at that time.
Cyme was founded in 1126 BC by Malaus, thought to be a great-grandson of Agamemnon, who led the inhabitants of Mount Phricium in Locris and conquered the indigenous Pelasgians. The sacking of Achilles targeted the settlements of the Pelasgians, who lived there at the time. [73]
6.2.13 Side
If the Side that Achilles is said to have ravaged is the Side of Pamphylia, it is a colony of Cyme, so it did not exist at the time. Side is further south than Lycia, the southernmost point that sent reinforcements to Troy, and it is unlikely that Achilles' depredations reached this far. [74]
At that time, there was a town called Sidene on the banks of the Granicus River near Ilium, and this town may have been mistakenly referred to as Side. [75]
6.2.14 Aegialus
Achilles also ravaged Aegialus. The famous Aegialus was located on the southern coast of the Black Sea at the time, but it seems too far away to be a target for plunder. Aegialus, meaning “coast,” has been found in several other locations, and may have been near Troia. [76]
6.2.15 Tenos
Achilles also ravaged Tenos, which lies north of Delos. At that time Delos was ruled by Anius (or Anion), the son of Rhoeo, the daughter of Staphylus, the son of Ariadne, the daughter of Minos. The island of Andros between Tenos and Euboea was ruled by Andros (or Andreus), son of Anius. Since Agamemnon extended his tentacles to the island of Andros, and Anius was an old friend of Aeneas, son of Anchises of Troy, it seems likely that Achilles' raids also extended to Tenos. [77]
6.2.16 Colone
Achilles also ravaged Colone, a little north of Pedasus in Troia. Cycnus, who ruled the city, was slain by Achilles. [78]
6.2.17 Miletus
Achilles attacked Miletus and killed Trambelus, king of the Leleges. [79]
It is said that Trambelus' mother was Priam's sister Hesione, and that his father was the son of Telamon, the younger brother of Achilles' father Peleus. However, this tradition is a work of fiction, and Trambelus's father may have been Erginus, who took part in the Argonaut expedition from Miletus. [80]
6.2.18 Others
Achilles also ravaged Antandrus and Adramytium on the south side of Mount Ida. In addition to this, Endium and Linaeum also seem to have been destroyed, but the location of the town is unknown. [81]
7 Troy's Reinforcements
The territory of Troy, ruled by the Priam family, was part of the northwest corner of Asia Minor. Reinforcements during the Trojan War came from Lycia, the southern tip of Asia Minor, to the west, Paeonia in northern Greece, and to the east, from around Trapezus, southeast of the Black Sea.
7.1 Reinforcements from Asia Minor
7.1.1 Pelasgians
From Mysia, opposite Lesbos, and Larissa, adjoining Lydia, Hippothous and Pylaeus, two sons of Lethus son of Teutamus, came with the Pelasgians. [82]
Teutamus was the son of Mitraeus, a contemporary of the Athenian king Aegeus, who is thought to be a descendant of the Pelasgians who were driven from Thessaly in 1390 BC and migrated to Asia Minor via Lesbos. [83]
There is no recognized marriage between Teutamus's family and Priam's, and Teutamus's race is thought to have been under the control of Ilium.
7.1.2 Lycians
From Xanthus, at the mouth of the river Xanthus in Lycia, Sarpedon the son of Xanthus and Glaucus the son of Hippolochus came with the Lycians. [84]
Sarpedon was the grandson of Sarpedon, who had been chased from Crete by his brother Minos and migrated to Lycia, and Glaucus was Sarpedon's maternal cousin. [85]
Their grandfather, Bellerophontes, had gone on an expedition to the Amazons with Priam, and although their marriage was not recognized in the remote area, it is thought that their relationship was good enough to send reinforcements. [86]
The Xanthus family also settled in Lesbos, which is geographically close to Troy, and the Lycians also lived in Zeleia, in the northeastern tip of Troy territory, and it is probable that they shared their activities. [87]
7.1.3 Carians
Two of Nomion's sons, Nastes and Amphimachus, led the Carians who lived near Miletus and Mount Phthires to the east. [88]
Nomion appears to be the brother of Erginus of Miletus and Ancaeus of Parthenia (Samos), who took part in the expeditions of the Argonauts. [89]
At that time, Miletus was ruled by Trambelus, the son of Priam's sister Hesione, who also ruled over the Carians and Leleges who lived around the town. [90]
7.1.4 Maeonians
Two sons of Talaemenes, Antiphus and Mesthles, led the Maeonians who lived at the foot of Mount Tmolas in Maeonia. [91]
Talaemenes appears to be the brother of Omphale of Lydia, whom Heracles served. [92]
7.1.5 Thracians
Two sons of Eusorus, Acamas and Pirus (or Peirous), led the Thracians from Thracia near Hellespont. [93]
Eusorus was the father of Polymestor of the Chersonese of Thracia, who surrendered under attack by Ajax the son of Telamon. Eusorus is thought to be one of the descendants of Phineus, who migrated from Salmydessus on the southwestern coast of the Black Sea to the vicinity of Hellespont. [94]
7.1.6 Ciconians
Euphemus the son of Troezenus the son of Ceas came with the Ciconians from Ismarus of Thracia, opposite Thasos. [95]
Ceas's grandfather is thought to be Ismarus, son of Eumolpus, son of Chione, daughter of Boreas, thought to be the son of Butes, and Orithyia, daughter of Erechtheus. Butes was the twin brother of Erechtheus, the sixth king of Athens, and a priest of Athens. [96]
Ismarus appears to be the founder of Ismarus in Thracia, opposite Thasos. [97]
Daeira, the mother of Ismarus, was the daughter of Benthesicyme, of the land of the Ethiopians, near Cyzicus.
Ismarus was related to Priam's brother Tithonus, who became king of the Ethiopians, and was also related to the Trojans and Ciconians. [98]
7.1.7 Thracians
Rhesus, son of Eion (or Eioneus), led the Thracians from near the river Strymon in Thracia. [99]
According to the early 1st century AD geographer Strabon, Rhesus ruled over the Odomanti, Edoni, and Bisaltae, who lived downstream of the Strymon River. [100]
7.1.8 Phrygians
Two sons of Aretaon, Phorcys (or Palmys) and Ascanius, led the Phrygians of Ascania to their aid. [101]
Also from Phrygia, near the river Sangarius, came Asius, son of Dymas and brother of Hecuba. [102])
7.1.9 Mysians
Two sons of Arsinous, Chromius and Ennomus, led the Mysians from Mysia near Mount Olympus. [103]
They were Mygdonians. [104]
Eurypylus, the son of Telephus, led the Mysians from Mysia, on the other side of Lesbos. [105]
7.1.10 Paphlagonians
Pylaemenes, son of Bilsates (or Melius), together with his son Harpalion, led the Paphlagonians from Cytorus, in the town of Eneti, between Heracleia and Sinope, on the southern coast of the Black Sea. [106]
Paphlagon, the ancestral name of the Paphlagonians, was the son of Phineus of Salmydessus on the southwestern coast of the Black Sea, and his mother, Idaea, was of the royal family of Troy. [107]
7.1.11 Alizonians
Two sons of Minuus (or Mecisteus), Odius and Epistrophus, led the Alizonians from Alizonia, between Amisus and Trapezus on the southern coast of the Black Sea. [108]
7.1.12 Paeonians
Pyraechmes son of Axius and Asteropaeus son of Pelegon led the Paeonians from the land of Amydon in Paeonia. [109]
They were not descendants of Paeon, son of Endymion, who migrated from Elis to Paeonia. They are thought to be descendants of Mygdon, who settled in Paeonia before the Trojan War when the Teucrians and Mysians made a great expedition that stretched from Thracia to the Ionian Sea. [110]
7.1.13 Ethiopians
He led the Ethiopians led by Memnon, the son of Tithonus, to help him. [111]
Ancient historians described this Ethiopia as Ethiopia south of Egypt. [112] The 1st century BC historian Diodorus Siculus and the Roman historian Eusebius of the early 4th century AD, who quoted Diodorus, write that Ethiopia was under the control of the Assyrian Empire. It is said that it was Teutamus, king of Assyria, who sent Memnon. [113]
Others say that Memnon's castle was in Susa. [114]
According to the Greek poet Simonides of the early 5th century BC, Memnon was buried near Paltus, on the Badas River in Syria. [115]
However, this Ethiopia is thought to be different from Ethiopia in the south of Egypt, and it is presumed that the following refer to the same ethnic group.
That is, Ethiopia, the homeland of the wife of Danae's son Perseus and the wife of Priam's brother Tithonus. [116]
A review of the support forces during the Trojan War shows that Teutamus was the father of Lethus, the father of Hippothous and Pylaeus, who came from Larissa to lead the Pelasgians. [117]
Regarding Larissa, it is presumed that it was located along the Hermus River, which flows south of Cyme in the Ionia region. The Pelasgians, ruled by Pylaeus, are said to have been a large tribe. [118]
Xanthus, son of Triopas of Argos, king of the Pelasgians, settled the uninhabited Lesbos on the opposite coast of Larissa, and the island, formerly known as Issa, became Pelasgia. The island's inhabitants are thought to have subsequently expanded their residence to the mainland. [119]
The fact that Memnon led the troops at the behest of Teutamus, king of the Pelasgians, has not been confirmed, and is probably an adaptation of Diodorus.
Memnon's tomb was located on a hill upstream from the mouth of the Aesepus River near Zeleia on the northeastern edge of Troy territory, and nearby was the village of Memnon. [120]
Memnon was slain by Achilles. After that, there must have been a considerable period of time between the death of Achilles and the summoning of Achilles' son Neoptolemus. Memnon was presumably buried with care in his hometown. [121]
Therefore, it is thought that the Aesepus River basin, which is farther from Zeleia where Memnon's tomb was located, was the place of residence for the Ethiopians led by Memnon.
8 The fall of Troy
8.1 Descriptions in ancient historical sources
Historical sources that allow us to estimate the date of the fall of Troy include the following:
The 4th century AD historian Eusebius reports that Troy was captured during the reign of Menestheus, son of Peteus. [122]
The 2nd century AD travel writer Pausanias reports that ``During the reign of Demophon, son of Theseus, an expedition led by Diomedes, son of Tydeus, returned from Troy after its fall.'' [123]
The theologian Clemens of the 2nd century A.D., quoting Dionysius of Argos, says, “It was the 12th day of the month Thargelion, in the first year of the reign of Demophon son of Theseus.” [124]
The 5th century BC historian Damastes, the 4th century BC historian Ephorus, the 4th century BC historian Callisthenes, and the 2nd century BC historian Phylarchus report that Troy fell on the 24th day of the month Thargelion. [125]
From the above description, it can be assumed that the fall of Troy was the year that Demophon, son of Theseus, ascended the throne as king of Athens.
8.2 Year of accession of Demophon, King of Athens
The first Olympiad is said to have been held in the 12th year of the reign of Aeschylus, the 29th king of Athens. [126]
Since that year is 776 BC, it is assumed that Aeschylus, son of Agamestor, ascended the throne in 787 BC. Based on this, if we trace back the reigns of the successive kings of Athens according to Eusebius' Chronicle, the year of the accession of the 12th king of Athens, Demophon, is 1186 BC.
8.3 Fall of Troy
The author of Attica states that there was a full moon on the day Troy fell, and the author of the Little Iliad reports that the moon shone brightly. [127]
According to a list of historical solar eclipses posted on websites such as NASA, a solar eclipse was observed on April 16, 1178 BC, which indicates that there was a full moon on that day. [128]
If we go back from this date and calculate the full moon of the month of Thargelion, which falls from May to June in the current calendar, by assuming that the cycle of waxing and waning of the moon is 29.53 days, we get the following.
The 15th day from 1178.4.16 (new moon) is 1178.5.1 (full moon)
Leap year (1180, 1184 BC) May 1, 1178 BC - June 1, 1186 BC (8 * 365 + 2 - 31 = 2,891 days)
2,891 / 29.53 = 97.90044 ----- 29.53 * 98 = 2893.94 = 2894 = May 29, 1186 BC
From the above, it is estimated that Troy fell on May 29, 1186 BC.
9 Regarding the expedition to Troy with Agamemnon as the commander-in-chief
Agamemnon's expedition to Troy was a war of revenge for the persecution of his ancestors, and it is presumed that the impetus for raising his army was as follows.
9.1 Events in Mysia
In 1205 BC, the Epigoni, led by Alcmaeon, son of Amphiaraus of Argos, captured Thebes. [129]
At this time Manto, the daughter of Tiresias, the prophet of Thebes, was taken prisoner by Alcmaeon, and to them were born a son, Amphilochus, and a daughter, Tisiphon. [130]
Alcmaeon went on an expedition to Acarnania, founding a town later called Argos-Amphilochicum, and obtained his new wife Callirhoe. [131]
Manto begged Alcmaeon to let him move to a new land with the people captured during Epigoni's attack on Thebes. Alcmaeon asked Thebes' Thersandorus to lead a group of immigrants and settle new lands. [132]
For Thersandorus, Alcmaeon was the brother of his wife Demonassa and the benefactor who restored him to the throne of Thebes. [133]
It seems that Manto and his friends wanted to migrate to Asia Minor, which was far away from Greece.
Thersander decides to take Manto and his friends to Mysia, the birthplace of Tlesimenes, son of Parthenopaeus, who took part in Epigoni's attack on Thebes. [134]
Tlesimenes appears to have served as a pilot for the emigrant group led by Thersander, and they were able to reach Mysia safely, but Thersander died there. [135]
9.2 Duration of Agamemnon's expedition to Troy
Eight years after the events at Mysia, Agamemnon gathered representatives from all over the world at Argos, and an expedition to Troy was decided. [136]
The Trojan expeditionary force, commanded by Agamemnon, assembled in Athens and sent Achilles and Patroclus to Delphi to bring back the oracle. They then regrouped at the port of Aulis in Boeotia and headed for Troy. [137]
It is thought that there were ships in Athens that were lent to units that did not have ships, and this was the boarding point for each unit. [138]
The Troy expedition left in the spring of 1188 BC, two years and three months before the fall of Ilium. [139]
10 After Troy
During the Ionian revolt in the early 5th century BC, Gergithae, who was around Ilium along with the Aeolians, was also subjugated by the Persian army, and it is thought that she lived with the Aeolians even after the fall of Troy. [140]
Gergithae seems to have been at a place called the Teucrians of Gergis, which was on his right, going from Ilium towards Abydus, with Dardanus on his left. [141]
It is also said that in the early 4th century BC, Gergis was located near Scepsis northwest of Mt. Ida. [142]
Furthermore, in the Lampsacus north of Ilium, there is a grape-growing region called Gergithium. It is said that Gergitha was once located there, and it is suggested that the Trojan people called Teucrians lived extensively in Troia even after the fall of Troy. [143]
In the 2nd century BC, by order of King Attalos of Pergamon, the Gergithae people of Troia were relocated to the source of the Caicus River near Pergamon. [144]
It was the resting place of Eetion's daughter Andromache. [145]
11 Impact of Trojan War
11.1 Boeotia
11.1.1 Invasion of the Pelasgians
Boeotia was invaded by the Pelasgians, who had migrated from Sicily and lived in Acarnania, and occupied Coroneia. [146]
From Coroneia and neighboring towns, the descendants of Itonus, son of Boeotus, who had migrated from Arne of Thessaly, were on an expedition to Troy with a large number of Boeotians. The remaining inhabitants of Coroneia migrated to their ancestral land, Arne. [147]
When Amphion and Zethus captured Thebes in 1330 BC, Amphictyon's grandson Locrus of Locris also led the Leleges and assisted them. [148]
At this time Boeotus, a cousin of Locrus and resident of Arne, joined together with his sons. This seems to have been the trigger for Boeotus' son Itonus to migrate to Boeotia. [149]
Coroneia, occupied by the Pelasgians, was recaptured in 1126 BC by the Boeotians, who had returned to Boeotia after being forced out of Arne, and by the inhabitants of Orchomenus, which they had annexed. The Pelasgians fled to Athens. [150]
11.1.2 Invasion of the Thracians
Also, the Hyantes, a group of Thracians who lived in Hyampolis of Phocis, invaded Boeotia. Hyantes, led by the brothers Ialmenus and Ascalaphus, sent young potential warriors to Troy and occupied Orchomenus, which was now in short supply. [151]
Hyantes was once so powerful that it was said to be synonymous with Boeotia, but was chased out by Cadmus and moved to Phocis. [152]
Some of the Orchomenians migrated to Teos in Ionia, led by Athamas, a descendant of Athamas son of Aeolus. [153]
Immediately to the east of Teos was Colophon, to which the inhabitants of Thebes and Boeotians, who had been captured during the Epigoni attack on Thebes, had settled some time before. Athamas relied on them to migrate. [154]
Some were also accepted into Athens and lived in Munychia. [155]
Ascalaphus, who went from Orchomenus to Troy, was killed in battle, and after the fall of Troy, Ialmenus learned of the current situation in his homeland and moved to Pontus with his people. [156]
In 1126 BC, the Boeotians, returning from the Arne of Thessaly, joined forces with the Orchomenians, who had taken refuge in Athens and nearby towns, to drive out the Hyantes who had occupied Orchomenus.
Orchomenus was annexed to Boeotia. [157]
11.2 Thessaly
The Thessaly, which had been left thin after an expedition to Troy, crossed the Pindus Mountains to the east and invaded the Thesprotians who lived around Dodona. [158]
The Achaeans, Perrhaebians, and Magnesians fought against the Thesprotians but were defeated. [159]
The Perrhaebians, Magnesians continued to live in subordination to the Thesprotians as the Penestae. [160]
Others changed their homes as follows.
11.2.1 Inhabitants of Tricca
The two sons of Asclepius (or Aesculapius), Machaon and Podalirus (or Podalirius), went to Troy from Tricca, northwest of Thessaly, but Machaon was killed in battle. Podalirus was unable to return to his homeland. [161]
Podalirus wandered Asia Minor after the fall of Troy. Podalirus went to Bybastus in Caria, ruled by Damaethus, who was presumed to be the son of Staphylus, son of Ariadne, daughter of Minos, and married Damaethus' daughter Syrna, founding Syrnus after his wife's name. [162]
Hippocrates, son of Draco, son of Hippocrates, a descendant of Podalirus, cured Roxane, the wife of Alexander the Great, who was imprisoned at Amphipolis. [163]
Machaon's remains were brought back by Nestor, son of Neleus, and buried in Gerenia, on the border of Messenia and Laconia. [164]
Once, Nestor was invited by Machaon of Tricca, who was married to Anticleia, daughter of Diocles of Pharae, also of Messenia. [165]
After the fall of Thessaly, Machaon's wife Anticleia moved from Tricca with her children to Pharae in Messenia, where she lived. It is assumed that Nestor's return from Troy was faster than Anticleia's migration to Messenia. [166]
Of Machaon's sons, Nicomachus and Gorgasus inherited Pharae.
Polemocrates, Alexander, and Sphyrus lived in Eua, Sicyon, and Argos, where they healed people and earned their respect. [167]
11.2.2 Residents of Gyrton and Argisa
Polypoetes, son of Peirithous, and Leonteus, son of Coronus, who had gone to Troy from Gyrton and nearby Argisa, traveled south overland and arrived at Colophon in Ionia. [168]
Accompanying them were the prophet Calchas and Podalirus, the son of Asclepius. [169]
Podalirus went further south and founded Syrnus in Caria, while Polypoetes and Leonteus settled in Colophon. [170]
According to the epic poet Callinus of the 7th century BC, they then migrated across the Taurus Mountains, led by Manto's son Mopsus, and dispersed to Pamphylia, Cilicia, Syria, and Phoenicia.
We can see how many people from Troy wandered around the country without returning to their home countries. [171]
The descendants of Peirithous fled to Athens, chased by the Thesprotians. Because of their friendship with Theseus and Perithous, the Athenians accepted them and gave them land that was later called Perithoedae. [172]
11.2.3 Inhabitants of Ormenion
Eurypylus, the son of Euaemon, who went to Troy from Ormenion on the north coast of the Pagasaean gulf, was unable to return to his homeland and settled in Patrae of Achaia.
The relationship between Eurypylus and Patrae is unknown, and according to legend, the location may have been chosen according to the oracle of Delphi. [173]
11.2.4 Inhabitants of Pherae
The whereabouts of Eumelus, son of Admetus, who went to Troy from Pherae in the northwest of the Pagasaean gulf, is unknown. Armenius (or Harmenius), son of Zeuxippus, son of Eumelus, seems to have fled to Athens, pursued by the Thesprotians. [174]
Henioche, daughter of Armenius, born in Athens, married Andrompus, son of Penthilus of Messenia, and had a son, Melanthus, who became the 16th king of Athens. Melanthus' mother or wife was an Athenian. [175]
11.2.5 Residents of Olizon and Methone
The inhabitants of Olizon and Methone, on the Mount Pelion peninsula east of the Pagasaean gulf, marched against Troy, led by Philoctetes son of Poeas.
It is said that Philoctetes was given a bow as a gift due to his close relationship with Heracles, and it seems that he participated in the expedition at an advanced age. [176]
Philostratus of Lemnos, from the 3rd century AD, says that Philoctetes was about 60 years old. [177]
Legend has it that Philoctetes was bitten by a poisonous snake on Lemnos and left behind on the island. [178]
However, Lemnos had Euneus, the grandson of Thoas, installed as ruler of the island by Agamemnon, and served as a supply base for the expeditionary forces.
The area controlled by Philoctetes was the closest to Lemnos among the expeditionary forces, and it is thought that Philoctetes was responsible for the logistics of the expeditionary force. [179]
Considering the size of the area controlled by Philoctetes, the number of ships that took part in the expedition was small at seven. This is the number of ships that Medon, the son of Oileus, who led the troops that took part in the battle instead of Philoctetes, rowed directly off the coast of Troy, and it is thought that the number of ships that took part in the rear transport was much larger. [180]
Medon was a resident of Narycus in Locris, but had taken refuge with Protesilaus of Phylace in Thessaly. [181]
Protesilaus led the forces of Phylace, with whom he was related as the Phthiotae. [182]
11.2.6 Magnesians
The inhabitants of Magnesia, northeast of Thessaly, joined the expedition led by Prothous, son of Tenthredon, a descendant of Magnes son of Aeolus. [183]
After the fall of Troy, the Magnesians dedicated one-tenth of their spoils to Delphi and settled there. The Magnesians then took part in a battle with Neoptolemus, son of Achilles, who ravaged Delphi. Together with the Delphians, led by Machaereus, son of Daetas, the Delphi priest who killed Neoptolemus, the Magnesians migrated to Asia Minor via Crete. They founded Magnesia in Lydia. [184]
The epic poet Archilochos of the 7th century BC tells us that the inhabitants of Magnesia fell into the hands of Ephesus because they were intolerant. [185]
The Magnesians who did not take part in the Trojan expedition but were in Thessaly fought against the invading Thesprotians, but were defeated and continued to live in Magnesia as serfs called Penestae. [186]
It is said that Philoctetes ruled Magnesia, but Prothous leads the Magnesians, which seems strange. The Magnesians here are thought to be a race created by Magnes, the son of Aeolus, who became independent from Arne and immigrated there, mixing with the Aenianians who had lived in the area for a long time and the Lapiths who later expanded their influence. They were a different people from the Phthiotae, to which Philoctetes belonged. [187]
When Persia invaded Greece in the 5th century BC, the Magnesians are said to have offered land and water to the Persian king, and it is thought that they had gained independence by that time. [188]
11.2.7 Perrhaebians
The Perrhaebians, ancient residents of northern Thessaly, also joined the expedition, led by Guneus, son of Ocytus. [189]
The remaining Perrhaebians fought against the invading Thesprotians, but were defeated and continued to live in Thessaly as serfs called Penestae. [190]
It is said that the Perrhaebians conquered Histiaeotis in Euboea and moved its inhabitants to Thessaly, and the region hitherto known as Doris became known as Histiaeotis.
However, it is also thought that such a tradition may have arisen simply because the names were the same. [191]
Histiaeotis of Euboea is said to have been founded by settlers from Athens. Around the same time, when Cothus, son of Xuthus, settled Euboea, the Aeolians occupied most of the island. [192]
It is also said that in 1126 BC, when Penthilus son of Orestes sailed from the port of Aulis in Boeotia for Lesbos, some of the Aeolians of his expedition remained in Euboea. The settlement from Athens appears to have been later, and the Perrhaebians bringing back the Histiaeans much later. [193]
The Perrhaebians also lived in northern Thessaly 800 years later, during the time of Philip, son of Amyntas. Shortly before that, during the invasion of Persia, their name was mentioned as a tribe that offered soil and water to the Persian king. [194]
11.2.8 Dolopians
From Dolopia, west of Thessaly, an expedition was led by Phoenix, son of Amyntor, who had defected to Peleus, the father of Achilles. [195]
After the fall of Troy, Phoenix worked with Neoptolemus, son of Achilles, and died near Thermopylae on the way to a new world. [196]
The inhabitants of Dolopia were chased by the Thesprotians and settled in Scyros, north of Euboea, which was closely related to Achilles and Neoptolemus, and perhaps also to Phoenix. [197]
In 475 BC, Cimon of Athens lived in Scyros and attacked and enslaved the Dolopians, who cut off all contact with other people and lived off piracy. [198]
However, the Dolopians of Thessaly continued to live without being subject to the rule of the Thesprotians, and are mentioned as a people who donated land and water to the Persian king during the invasion of Persia in the 5th century BC. [199]
11.2.9 Phthians
Those who participated in the expedition from Phthia, ruled by Achilles, the greatest hero of the Trojan War, gave up on returning to their old territory. Led by Neoptolemus, son of Achilles, they set out for new territory. [200]
Neoptolemus is said to have invaded the land of the Molossians and brought the tribe under his control, creating the foundation for the future kingdom of Epirus. [201]
However, it is said that Neoptolemus was succeeded by his son Molossus. It is assumed that he did not name his son after the tribe he had conquered, but rather that the descendants of Neoptolemus came to be called the Molossians, after Molossus. [202]
At that time, the nameless tribe was estimated to have lived in what would become Passaron, about 18 km north of the oracle of Dodona. In that region there was a good pasture for raising livestock, called Hellopia. [203]
The Phthians, chased by the Thesprotians and scattered throughout the land, gathered in the land of the Molossians. The Molossians became the most powerful force in the kingdom of Epirus, even controlling the oracle of Dodona. [204]
In some areas of Phthia there may have been Achaeans who continued to live without being subject to Thesprotians' rule. Along with the Dolopians, the Phthia are also mentioned as a people who donated land and water to the Persian king during the Greek invasion of Persia in the 5th century BC. [205]
11.2.10 Dorians
Shortly before the Trojan War, in 1227 BC, Heracles fought against the Lapiths of Gyrton, who had unfairly oppressed the Dorians and were trying to drive them out of their settlements. [206]
At this time, the Dorians were thought to have lived west of Gyrton across the Peneius River, but their movements after the Trojan War are unknown.
Perhaps the Dorians were also oppressed by the Perrhaebians, who were oppressed by the invading Thesprotians. The Dorians who lived in Thessaly are thought to have migrated to the Doris (Dryopis) region. [207]
Until then, the region inhabited by the Dorians became known as Histiaeotis. [208]
The migration of the Dorians from Thessaly to Doris had ended by about 1115 BC, just before the invasion of the Peloponnesus peninsula by the Heracleidae, led by Aristomachus' son Temenus.
The influx of people from Thessaly to increase military strength is thought to have been one of the reasons for the successful return of the Heracleidae.
11.3 Athenians
Menestheus, king of Athens, was unable to return to Athens, and Menestheus himself moved to Melos and died on the island. [209]
Some of the Arcadians migrated to Scylletium in the southern part of the Italian peninsula. [210]
Some also migrated to Elaea in Mysia. [211]
In Mysia lived the Arcadians. [212]
11.4 Arcadians
Agapenor, the son of Ancaeus, did not return to Arcadia, but went to Cyprus and founded Paphos near Palaepaphos. [213]
Pausanias tells us that a ship carrying the Arcadians was caught in a storm and washed up in Cyprus. [214]
But Laodice, the mother of Agapenor's father Ancaeus' father Lycurgus' mother Neaera's father Pereus, was the daughter of Cinyras, the founder of Palaepaphos. [215]
In other words, Arcadia and Cyprus have been in contact for a long time.
11.5 Salamians
Teucer, son of Telamon, who took part in the expedition to Troy from the island of Salamis, went with Agapenor to Cyprus and founded Salamis. [216]
Teucer married a daughter of Cinyras, who lived at Palaepaphos on the southwestern coast of Cyprus. Cinyras, along with King Midas, was synonymous with wealth. [217]
Teucer gave into the hands of his grandfather Telamon the sons that Ajax had borne to the captive women, Aeantides the son of Glauce the daughter of Cycnus, and Eurysaces the son of Tecmessa the daughter of Teuthras. [218]
Aeantides is presumed to be the progenitor of the Aeantis tribe of Athens.
At the Battle of Plataea in 479 BC, of the 1,360 Greeks killed, 52 Athenians are said to have died, all from the Aeantis tribe. [219]
It is also said that Teucer tried to return to his homeland after hearing rumors that his father Telamon had died, but was stopped by Eurysaces, son of Ajax, and settled in Hispania. [220]
However, it is also said that Teucer's son Ajax ruled over the Olbe region of Cilicia Tracheia, on the opposite shore to the north of Cyprus. It seems likely that he had another son who succeeded Salamis, so the migration to Hispania does not seem to be true. [221]
It is also said that Teucer's mother was Hesione, the daughter of Laomedon, king of Troy, but it is thought that it was popularized by the ruler of Salamis in Cyprus. [222]
Salamis was a town founded by Teucer using prisoners of war captured at Troy, and it is thought that Teucer's descendants created it in order to subjugate the population. [223]
Before Ajax went to Troy, his son Philaeus (or Philius) by his wife Lysidice migrated to Melite in Athens, where his descendants were called Philaidae and produced the tyrant Peisistratus in the 6th century BC. [224]
Solon, who served as achon of Athens for a year starting in 594 BC, made the Athenians promise not to repeal or amend any laws for ten years, then set out on a journey and lived in Cilicia. Meanwhile, he persuaded Philocyprus, who lived on high, hard, and poor land, to help him build Soli on the plains. [225]
Solon called to his friend Cleobros, who lived in Lindus, Rhodes. The Achaeans and Rhodians, who had once migrated from Tirynth in Argolis to Rhodes with Tlepolemus, the son of Heracles, migrated to Cilicia and became residents of Soli. He also emigrated from Athens. [226]
Solon, at the end of his long journey, stopped at Salamis in Cyprus, a town of the same name as his homeland of the island of Salamis. There he learned that a descendant of Teucer, son of Telamon, was in Cilicia, and he met Philocyprus. He appears to be a descendant of Teucer's son Ajax. [227]
End
