1 When Greeks first migrated to Italy
1.1 Two traditions
Tradition agrees that the first Greeks to reach the Italian peninsula were Oenotrus and Peucetius, the two sons of Lycaon, son of Pelasgus.
However, regarding Pelasgus, Dionysius of Halicarnassus says that he is "the son of Niobe, the daughter of Phoroneus,'' and Pausanias says that he is "the son of Agenor, the son of Triopas.'' [1]
According to Dionysius' theory, they migrated to the Italian peninsula "from Argos around 1635 BC" and according to Pausanias' theory, "from Arcadia around 1485 BC".
There is a 150 years difference between the two theories, which is important in determining the timing of Greek expansion into the Italian Peninsula.
1.2 Two keys
There are two keys to considering which tradition is valid.
The migration of the sons of Lycaon was the earliest overseas migration. [2]
Oenotrus was born 17 generations before the Trojan expedition. [3]
1.2.1 Considering the first key
Triopas, son of Phorbas, is said to have sent a colony to Rhodes around 1580 BC. [4]
In Pausanias' theory, the migration of the sons of Lycaon is no longer the earliest migration, and therefore no longer fits the first key.
1.2.2 Considering the second key
According to Dionysius, Oenotrus was born in 1660 BC, and according to Pausanias, Oenotrus was born in 1510 BC.
Based on this, the average age of one generation is calculated to be 28 years old according to Dionysius' theory and 19 years old according to Pausanias' theory.
1.3 Conclusion
Based on the above, the Dionysius' theory is valid, and it is estimated that the Greeks entered the Italian Peninsula around 1635 BC.
2. Emigration of Oenotrus and Peucetius to the southern part of the Italian peninsula (1635 BC)
The first Greeks to reach the Italian peninsula, then called Hesperia, were the brothers Oenotrus and Peucetius. [5]
Their father, Lycaon, was the son of Pelasgus, son of Niobe, daughter of Phoroneus, founder of Argos. [6]
In the time of Lycaon's father Pelasgus, the people living in Argos were called Pelasgians. Therefore, the people who migrated to the Italian peninsula under Oenotrus and Peucetius were Pelasgians. [7]
2.1 Establishment of Peucetii
In 1635 BC, Oenotrus and Peucetius departed from Argos and traveled north along the Ionian Gulf, along the western coast of the Peloponnesus peninsula, in search of suitable land for settlement. Crossing the Ionian Gulf to reach the easternmost tip of the Italian peninsula, Peucetius settled there. [8]
The people who settled with Peucetius were then called Peucetians (or Peucetii, Poedicli) and continued to live on the Calabria peninsula, where the region was called Peucetia. [9]
2.2 Establishment of Oenotri
Oenotrus parted ways with Peucetius, sailed clockwise along the coast of the Italian peninsula, found a suitable site near the Acheron River, and settled there. [10]
The Oenotrus lived on a high point near the river Acheron, at the confluence of three peaks, and the people who settled with them expanded their settlements near the coast and founded Pandosia (modern Mendicino) in their center. [11]
The people who settled with Oenotrus were then called Oenotrians (or Oenotri), and the region was called Oenotria. [12]
2.3 Derivation from Oenotrians
During the time of Italus, a likely grandson of Oenotrus, the Oenotrians expanded their range from Pandosia to the Laus River, more than 60 km north of Pandosia. Italus was a wise leader, and its inhabitants became known as Italians. [13]
In the next period of Italus, a group led by Sicelus fled from the central part of the Italian peninsula and lived with the Oenotrians, but they returned again with more allies. Also, Italus' son Ausonus founded Tempsa (near present-day Nocera Terinese) on the south side of the Acheron River, and another son Morges migrated further south. The people led by Sicelus, Ausonus, and Morges were called Sicels, Ausones, and Morgetes, respectively. [14]
It is assumed that Italus had sons who inherited Pandosia and a people called Oenotrians. After 300 years, the Oenotrians forced Sicels and Morgetes to migrate from the Italian peninsula to Sicily. [15]
Morgetes founded Morgantium (present-day Aidone) in the interior of eastern Sicily, and Sicels drove the indigenous people of the island, the Sicani, to the west side of the island and settled throughout the island. The island, previously called Sicania, was now called Sicily. [16]
2.4 Expansion of Ausones residence
In 1400 BC, it is assumed that Auson ruled Tempsa in the sixth generation from Ausonus, the son of Italus. One of his sons, Liparus, was driven from the Italian peninsula by his other brothers and settled on an island northeast of Sicily. The island came to be called Lipara after his name. [17]
In 1365 BC, Melanippe's son Aeolus came to Lipara Island from Metabum (later Metapontium, present-day Metaponto) in the southern part of the Italian peninsula and married Liparus' daughter Cyane. Later, Liparus, with the help of Aeolus, settled near what later became Surrentum (now Sorrento), at the entrance to Crater Gulf (now Gulf of Naples). As a result, the Ausonians greatly expanded their range northward, and the sea west of the Italian peninsula came to be called the Ausonian Sea, and the Italian peninsula became known as Ausonia. [18]
One of Aeolus's sons, Astyochus, inherited the island of Lipara, and his other sons settled on the northern coast of Sicily and on the southernmost tip of the Italian peninsula. [19]
Melanippe (or Arne), the mother of Aeolus, was the daughter of Aeolus, son of Hippotes, son of Mimas, son of Aeolus, son of Hellen, son of Deucalion of Thessaly, and was an Aeolian. [20]
2.5 Settlement in Reatine
The Ausones also expanded their range to the highlands of the Apennines in central Italy.
There were at least three major groups of Ausones who migrated there.
The first group migrated to Lista (location unknown) near Amiternum (present-day Cermone), about 40 km east of Reate (present-day Rieti) in the mountains about 65 km north-northeast of Rome. [21]
The second is a group that migrated to the area around Cutilia (present-day Terme di Cotilia), located approximately 12 km east-southeast of Reate. [22]
The third group was led by Sancus, who moved to Testruna (near Amiternum), about 4.5 km from Lista. [23]
These three groups had a common ancestor, Quirinus, who later became known as the progenitor of the Romans. [24]
After the settlement of these groups in 1389 BC, another group came across the Apennines from the Adriatic Sea side. This group were Pelasgians who had fled from Thessaly, pursued by Amphictyon, son of Deucalion of Locris. Their leader was Janus, son of Nanas, who lived in Perrhaebia, north of Thessaly. [25]
The Pelasgians, led by Janus, camped near Cutilia to the east of the Reate and confronted a second group that inhabited the area. [26]
Their common ancestor was Niobe, daughter of Phoroneus, son of Inachus, the founder of Argos. Oenotrus, the ancestor of the Ausones, left Argos in 1635 BC, 246 years ago. It was 1560 BC, 171 years ago, that the family of Larisa, daughter of Pelasgus son of Triopas, ancestors of Janus, migrated from Argos to Thessaly.
Due to interactions with people who speak different languages after leaving Argos, and due to unique changes in language, it seems that even though the two speak different languages, they are able to understand each other.
At that time, the area around Reatine was home to the Umbrians, the oldest inhabitants of the Italian peninsula, and the Sicels, who had migrated from the southern part of the Italian peninsula to the central part of the peninsula. [27]
The second group took in the Pelasgians, led by Janus, to live with them and make them allies in the war against the Umbrians and Sicels. [28]
Sancus, leading the third group, expanded his settlement by expelling the first group from nearby Lista. The first group in Lista took refuge and cohabited with the second group around Cutilia. [29]
Sancus also attacked Cutilia, where the first group, the second group, and the Pelasgians, who had migrated from Thessaly, lived together. However, the two did not become seriously hostile, and seem to have come to an agreement based on their marital relationship. [30]
The marriage was between Olistene, the daughter of Janus, and Sabus, the son of Sancus, and the treaty was to fight together against the native Umbrians and Sicels as a common enemy. [31]
This marriage later made Janus one of the gods of Rome and the origin of the name of the first month of the year. [32]
2.6 Spread from Reatine
Sancus' group became even more powerful during the time of his son Sabus, and was called the Sabines, after Sabus. [33]
On the other hand, the first and second groups do not seem to have had specific names, and later writers called them collectively Aborigines. [34]
The Aborigines are said to have been named because they lived in the mountains, and were a group of wanderers who came from many places. [35]
After his marriage to Janus' daughter Olistene, Sabus lived in Cutilia and had at least four sons: Modius, Saturnus, Janus, Picus, and a daughter Ops. [36]
In 1335 BC, Modius (or Fabidius) led his people south from Cutilia and founded Cures (now Corese) on land halfway to the coast. [37]
In 1330 BC, Saturnus married his sister Ops and led many Pelasgians to move to the left bank of the Tiber River near the coast and found Saturnia. [38]
In 1330 BC, Janus married Vulturnus' daughter Jaturuna and founded Janiculum on the right bank of the Tiber River, close to the coast. [39]
The name Vulturnus was the name of a river that flows into the Tyrrhenian Sea, a little closer to Rome than Neapolis, and of a town near its mouth. Jaturuna's father, Vulturnus, is presumed to have been an Ausones as well as a leader of the Aborigines. [40]
In 1335 BC, the Picus migrated across the Apennines to find a home on the Adriatic Sea side, where the inhabitants later became known as Picentini, and the region became known as Picentine. [41]
Picus was named after the Latin word for woodpecker, and is believed to have been a messenger of divine messages to people. [42]
Near Testruna, where Sancus first settled, was the oracle of Mars, the god of war. It was a woodpecker (picus) with a strong beak that could burrow through even the toughest oak trees, coupled with a spear (quiris). [43]
Sancus' ancestor Quirinus was a spear wielder. After his death, Quirinus was worshiped as the god of war by the people, and the woodpecker, which had a beak like a sharp spear tip that could pierce shields, was considered a sacred bird and cherished. [44]
The sons of Sabus did not stay in the land of their ancestors, but expanded their power in search of new lands in various places, but it is said that they had different customs from their enemy, the Sicels. This means that they cherished their newborn children and sent them off to various places when they became adults, and Sicels seems to have cut back on the number of children born when food was scarce. [45]
2.7 Descendants of Janus, son of Nanas
Janus, the son of Nanas, who had migrated from Thessaly with the Pelasgians, had, besides his daughter Olistene, a son Aethex, and Aethex had a son Faunus. In 1340 BC, Faunus and the Aborigines went on an expedition to Croton (present-day Cortona), about 130 km northwest of Cutilia, driving out the Umbrians and taking control of Lake Trasimene. [46]
In 1300 BC, Arnus, son of Faunus, was driven out of the area around Lake Trasimene by the Pelasgians, led by Tyrrhenus, son of Atys, who had migrated from Lydia to the Italian peninsula. [47]
Maleus, son of Janus, son of Sabus, moved to Regis Villa, near the coast, about 45 km west-northwest of Janiculum, where his father had founded. Maleus was driven from the land by the Pelasgians led by Tyrhenus. [48]
Pursued by Tyrrhenus, many Pelasgians fleeing from Agylla and Alsium, near Regis Villa, and Pisae, a little further north, fled to Sicily. [49]
In 1240 BC, the Pelasgians emigrated from Sicily to Acarnania, pursued by Sicels who emigrated to Sicily. [50]
In 1188 BC, the Pelasgians invaded Boeotia, which had been weakened by the Trojan expedition, and drove out the Boeotians. [51]
In 1126 BC, the Pelasgians were chased out of Boeotia by the Boeotians who returned to Boeotia from the Arne of Thessaly and fled to Athens. [52]
In 1115 BC, the Pelasgians were expelled from Athens and moved to Lemnos. [53]
In 495 BC, the Pelasgians of Lemnos, chased by Miltiades, son of Cimon, migrated to Cleonae, Olophyxis, Acrothoi, Dium, and Thyssus on the Chalcidice Peninsula. [54]
Some 900 years after Janus left northern Thessaly, his descendants ended up living in a region ironically not far from where his ancestors had once lived.
2.8 Descendants of Saturnus, son of Sabus
Saturnus, who founded Saturnia in what later became Rome, is said to have been the first to cultivate agriculture in Latium, and his first crop was Spelt. [55]
When Saturnus' son Picus came of age, a group of immigrants from Lydia, led by Tyrrenus, arrived and drove out the Pelasgians who had migrated from Thessaly to the region on the right bank of the Tiber. [56]
In 1299 BC, Picus succeeded Saturnus, married his cousin Venilia, daughter of Janus, and founded Laurentum near the coast, about 24 km southeast of Saturnia. [57]
In 1262 BC, Picus was succeeded by his son Faunus, who married his sister Fatua Fauna. [58]
Faunus also had a son, Acis, with his second wife Symaethis. [59]
In 1218 BC, Faunus was succeeded by his son Latinus with his third wife Marica. [60]
Latinus married Amata and had a daughter, Lavinia. [61]
During the reign of Latinus, the family became known as the Latins, whose founder was Faunus. [62]
3 Emigration of Dius to the southern part of the Italian peninsula (1390 BC)
In 1390 BC, the Pelasgian Dius, who lived on the coast of Thessaly, were displaced by a great tsunami and raided Itonus on the west coast of the Pagasetic Gulf. Dius carried off Melanippe, the wife of Itonus, son of Amphictyon, as a trophy.
Amphictyon, father of Itonus, rallied the kin of Locris and Thessaly and expelled the Pelasgians from Thessaly. Dius and Melanippe moved to Metapontium in the southern part of the Italian peninsula. [63]
Melanippe gave birth to Aeolus and Boeotus in Metapontium. [64]
Aeolus married Cyane, daughter of Liparus, of the island of Lipara, northeast of Sicily, and ruled the area around it. [65]
Boeotus, with his mother Melanippe, returned from the Italian peninsula to the Arne of Thessaly and succeeded his grandfather Aeolus. [66]
4 Emigration of Janus to central Italy (1390 BC)
In 1560 BC, the Pelasgians, led by the family of Larisa, daughter of Pelasgus, son of Triopas, who lived in Argos, Janus's ancestors, migrated to Thessaly. [67]
In 1390 BC, during the time of Nanas, son of Teutamides, son of Amyntor, son of Phrastor, son of Pelasgus, son of Larisa, a great tsunami struck the Pelasgians who lived on the coast of Thessaly. Displaced by the tsunami, the Pelasgians moved en masse and attacked Itonus on the west coast of the Pagasetic Gulf in Thessaly. In Itonus lived Itonus, son of Amphictyon, and his wife Melanippe. Melanippe was carried off as a trophy by Dius, the leader of the Pelasgians. [68]
Amphictyon, the son of Deucalion, father of Itonus, of Locris, and Melanippe's father Aeolus, son of Hippotes of Arne of Thessaly, rallied their kind and expelled the Pelasgians from Thessaly. [69]
The Pelasgians, who lived in Perrhaebia, north of Thessaly, led by Janus, son of Nanas, landed in the northeastern part of the Italian peninsula via Dodona. [70]
Some of the Pelasgians founded Spina (present-day Comacchio) south of the mouth of the Padus River (present-day Po River). [71]
In 1389 BC, Janus moved from the east coast of the Italian peninsula across the Apennines to the mountains on the west side of the peninsula and camped near Cutilia in Reatine. They were accepted and lived together with the Ausones, who had immigrated to the area some time before them. [72]
5 Emigration of Sardus to Sardinia (1390 BC)
The great tsunami of 1390 BC also displaced residents of Canopus, an estuary town on the western edge of Egypt's Nile Delta. Sardus, son of Maceris, led the affected population to Ichnussa (later Sardinia) on the western side of the Italian peninsula. [73]
The settlers lived together with the island's indigenous people without conflict. [74]
There is a “Temple of Father Sardus'' in the southwest of Sardinia, and it is assumed that this is the settlement of Sardus. [75]
The people who immigrated with Sardus were Greek Egyptians. They were the descendants of those who migrated from Boeotia to Egypt and founded Sais, or from Argos with Iasus and Io. [76]
6 Emigration of Aristaeus to Sardinia (1372 BC)
After the settlement of Sardus, Aristaeus settled Sardinia. [77]
Aristaeus was born in Phthiotis, the son of Archander, son of Achaeus, the eponym of the Achaeans, and Cyrene, daughter of Hypseus, who lived in Thessaly. [78]
Aristaeus migrated from Phthiotis via Argos to the NileDelta of Egypt, where he and his father Archander founded Archandropolis. [79]
In 1372 BC, Aristaeus led a group of immigrants from Egypt to Sardinia. [80]
Aristaeus founded Caralis (now Cagliari) to the east of the settlement of Sardus. [81]
Pausanias tells us that Nora, founded after the settlement of Aristaeus, was the first town in Sardinia, so Caralis seems to have been little more than a village. [82]
7 Emigration of Messapus to the southern part of the Italian peninsula (1372 BC)
In 1372 BC, Messapus led a group of immigrants from Anthedon on the coast of northeastern Boeotia and migrated to Peucetia in the southeastern part of the Italian peninsula. [83]
Messapus is presumed to be the son of Alcyone, daughter of Orchomenus of Arcadia, and Hyperenor (or Anthas), son of Megassares. [84]
The emigration of Messapus is related to the emigration of Archander's son Aristaeus to Sardinia, and is thought to have been caused by the great tsunami of 1390 BC and the epidemic that followed. [85]
The region where Messapus settled was called Messapia. [86]
8 Emigration of Danae to central Italy (1345 BC)
Acrisius' daughter Danae, after her father had taken away her son Perseus to Argos, sought a new world in Sardinia, a popular destination at the time. [87]
In 1345 BC, on the way to Sardinia, a ship carrying a group of Danae immigrants was blown ashore by strong winds from the south and washed ashore on the west coast of central Italy. [88]
Danae's husband Pilumnus died, and Danae, the daughter of the king of Argos, took the lead in founding Ardea in a land about 30 km southeast of Rome. [89]
Latium, where Danae founded a city, was at the time inhabited by Sicels. Shortly thereafter, the descendants of Sabus came from the mountains and founded Saturnia and Janiculum.
The Danae emigrant group was made up of Achaeans and Pelasgians who migrated from Argos to Egypt. They and the descendants of Sabus were close in language and customs.
It is thought that the people who immigrated from Egypt with Danae were the ones who taught Saturnus of Saturnia how to cultivate wheat. [90]
Besides Perseus, Danae had a son named Daunus, who inherited Ardea. [91]
Turnus, the Rutuli chieftain who died fighting Aeneas, was a descendant of Daunus. [92]
9 Emigration of Tyrrhenus to central Italy (1300 BC)
In 1300 BC, the Lydians, led by Tyrhenus, son of Atys, migrated from Lydia to the land of Umbrians. [93]
Herodotus reports that famine was the cause, but the historical facts are as follows. [94]
9.1 Situation before emigration
The Pelasgians living in Thessaly were scattered throughout the land due to a tsunami in 1390 BC and subsequent attacks by the sons of Deucalion. Some of them migrated to the coast of Hellespont and the neighboring islands of Chios, Lesbos, Lemnos and Imbros. [95]
Also, the Pelasgians who migrated from the islands to the mainland settled in Lydia, then called Maeonia. [96]
According to Hittite texts, the region where the Pelasgians settled was called Arzawa. [97]
When the Pelasgians, led by Manes, believed to be the son of Silenus, went there, Arzawa was inhabited by people who spoke the Luwian language, but without a strong leader. [98]
The Pelasgians cohabited with the natives, and Manes became the king of the land.
Manes appears in Hittite texts under the name Kupanta-Kurunta, king of Arzawa. [99]
9.2 Causes of emigration
In 1325 BC, Tantalus, who lived near Mount Ida in the northwestern Anatolia Peninsula, was chased by Ilus of Ilium and migrated to Lydia (part of Arzawa). [100]
At that time, the king of Arzawa was Maskhuiluwa, son of Tarhuntaradu. [101]
Tantalus deposed Maskhuiluwa and became king of Arzawa. [102]
Maskhuiluwa defected to the Hittite king Suppiluliuma I. [103]
Later, during the reign of the Hittite king Mursili II, Arzawa was attacked and occupied by Hittite forces. [104]
9.3 Emigration to Lemnos
The Maeonians, who fought alongside Tantalus against the Hittite army, were exiled from Lydia. It was 18 years after Arzawa was conquered by the Hittites that the Maeonians, led by Tyrhenus, appeared on the Italian peninsula. During that time, the Maeonians are presumed to have lived in Lemnos for the following reasons.
The Maeonians later migrated to the Italian peninsula and changed their name to the Tyrrhenians. [105]
The things that connect Lemnos with the Italian peninsula include:
An island (Elba) in the Tyrrhenian Sea was called Aethalia, the old name of Lemnos. [106]
Of the four labyrinths of the ancient world described by Pliny, in addition to Egypt and Crete, there were labyrinths in Lemnos and Etruria. [107]
Lemnos was also called Tyrrhenia. [108]
9.4 Emigration to Italy
In 1300 BC, the Maeonians, led by Tyrrhenus, son of Atys, migrated from Lemnos to the northwestern part of the Italian peninsula. [109]
The motive behind Tyrrhenus' migration is unknown, but it is thought that the island's population increased as it accepted people fleeing from the mainland.
The following are possible reasons why they chose Italy, which is far away from Lemnos, as their destination.
9.4.1 Overheard via Telchines
The pilots of Tyrrhenus' voyage are presumed to have been Telchines, known as the Children of the Sea and skilled in navigation. [110]
In 1425 BC, the Telchines living in Rhodes, then called Telchinis, were expelled from the island by the sons of Rhodos, and some of the Telchines also migrated to Lemnos. [111]
The Telchines, who were excellent at navigation and metallurgy, are thought to have sailed not only to the Aegean Sea but also to the islands of Italy in search of mines. Aethalia (present-day Elba), located between the Italian peninsula and Cyrnus (present-day Corsica), is also presumed to have been one of the islands where the mine was discovered. [112]
9.4.2 Overheard via Delphi
Agylla (later just west of Rome), founded in 1390 BC by the Pelasgians who migrated from Thessaly, was so prosperous that it dedicated a treasury to Delphi. [113]
Agylla's prosperity is thought to have spread throughout the Greeks, with people from all over the world visiting Delphi to seek oracles. [114]
9.5 Tyrrhenus and their descendants after emigration
The Maeonians, led by Tyrrhenus, drove out the Umbrians and the Pelasgians, who lived on the coast north of Rome, and settled there. [115]
Both the Maeonians and Pelasgians lived in Thessaly 90 years ago, but they did not speak the same language. [116]
It is likely that there were people among the Maeonians who spoke the Luwian language, or that all Maeonians were beginning to speak the language.
After the name of their leader Tyrhenus, the Maeonians were renamed the Tyrrhenians, and their place of residence was called Tyrrhenia. [117]
The Tyrrhenians were also sometimes called Tusci because of their sacrificial rituals, and the Romans called them Etrusci and their place of residence Etruria. [118]
During the time of the geographer Pausanias in the 2nd century AD, the area from the vicinity of Pisae on the west coast of the Italian peninsula to the vicinity of the Tiber River appears to have been called Tyrrhenia. During their heyday, the Tyrrhenians also extended to the Padus River valley near the eastern base of the Italian peninsula and to Ravenna. [119]
After Tyrhenus died, no strong leader emerged to lead the Tyrrhenians, and each town lacked unity, lost to neighboring tribes by force, abandoned their land, and became pirates. [120]
9.6 Main towns of Tyrrhenia
Tyrrhenus is said to have founded 12 cities, including the following in Tyrrhenia: [121]
9.6.1 Saturnia (now Rome)
Saturnia, which later became the center of Rome, was founded by Saturnus, son of Sabus, and was inhabited by the Pelasgians who had immigrated from Thessaly. [122]
In the reign of Saturnus' son Dercennus, he was attacked by Tyrrhenus and others, and Dercennus was killed in battle.
Saturnia was inhabited by the Tyrrhenians, but they too were chased out by the Sicels. [123]
9.6.2 Caere (now Cerveteri)
The most powerful of the Tyrrhenian cities was Caere, located just west of what later became Rome. [124]
Caere was founded by the Pelasgians who migrated from Thessaly and was called Agylla, but was taken by the Tyrrhenians. [125]
9.6.3 Alsium (now Ladispoli)
Alsium was inhabited by the Pelasgians who migrated from Thessaly, but were driven out by the Tyrhenians. [126]
9.6.4 Tarquinii (now Tarquinia)
Tarquinii was founded by Tarco, general of Tyrrhenus, who expelled the Pelasgians who had immigrated from Thessaly. [127]
9.6.5 Regis Villa (now Montalto di Castro)
Regis Villa was inhabited by the Pelasgian Maleos who migrated from Thessaly, but were driven out by the Tyrhenians. [128]
9.6.6 Pisae (now Pisa)
In 1389 BC, the Pelasgians from Thessaly drove out the Ligurians and founded Pisae. [129]
In 1300 BC, the Pelasgians of Pisae were driven out by the Tyrrhenians. [130]
Strabo tells us that the people from Pisa who followed Nestor on the Trojan expedition wandered and founded Pisae, where the inhabitants of the town became known as Pylians. [131]
However, although Nestor returned safely to Pylus, it is doubtful that some of them were able to wander and build a town in the distant land of the Tyrrhenians.
I think the inhabitants were called Pylians because there were more people from Pylus than from Pisa, but if that's the case, the founders would be from Pylus.
Strabo's account of the construction of Pisae appears to be a fiction.
In 1126 BC, the Pelasgians living around Larissa were forced from their land by people who migrated from Locris to Asia Minor and founded Cyme. [132]
The Pelasgians, led by the descendants of Teutamus, migrated to the Italian peninsula and settled in Pisae, where the Tyrrhenians lived. [133]
It is presumed that the Tyrrhenians long ago accepted immigrants from Asia Minor, where their ancestors lived, as their own people and lived together with them.
9.6.7 Croton (now Cortona)
Faunus and the Aborigines went on an expedition to Croton, about 130 km northwest of Cutilia, to drive out the Umbrians and take control of Lake Trasimene. [134]
In 1300 BC, Faunus' son Arnus was driven out of the area around Lake Trasimene by the Tyrrhenians. [135]
10 Emigration of Aegestus' mother to Sicily (1295 BC)
In 1295 BC, during a political conflict in Ilium, Phaenodamas and his sons were killed by Laomedon. The daughter of Phaenodamas and her family were forced out of Troy and moved to the banks of the Crimisus in northwestern Sicily. [136]
Hittite texts tell us that Wilusa king Alaksandu concluded treaties with Mursili II (1321-1295 BC) and Muwatalli II (1295-72 BC). [137]
Hittite texts also state that Alaksandu is not the legitimate heir. [138]
In Greek lore, Laomedon is the only king of Wilusa (Troy) who can conclude treaties with both Mursili II and Muwatalli II.
Later, Laomedon is presumed to be the usurper, since Phaenodamas' daughter's son Aegestus briefly went from Sicily to Troy. [139]
11 Emigration of Evander to central Italy (1240 BC)
11.1 Departure from Arcadia
In 1240 BC, a conflict broke out at Pallantium (near present-day Palantio), about 8 km west of Tegea in Arcadia. Evander, the son of Themis, lost the battle and sought a new world. Or Evander committed a crime and his whole family was exiled. [140]
Evander belonged to the Parrhasians, who had been around since the founding of Argos, and were descended from Lycaon, son of Pelasgus, who had expanded their settlements from Argos into Arcadia. [141]
From Tegea, the Evander emigrants followed the Alpheius River to Cyllene, taking the road that led to Olympia. Along the way, Evander recruited those who had participated in Heracles' attack on Elis to join his immigrant group. They were the Epeans of Dyme of Achaia and the Arcadians of Pheneus. [142]
The Evander emigrants set sail from Elis' outer port, Cyllene. [143]
11.2 Emigration to Latium
The Evander emigrants sailed clockwise around the Italian peninsula, up the Tiber River in the center of the peninsula, and landed in what would become Rome. They settled near a hill previously called Velia and later named Palatium. [144]
Herilus, ruler of a land about 35 km east of Rome (later Praeneste, modern Palestrina), challenged Evander to battle but was repulsed. [145]
Among Evander's emigrants there were many veterans of Heracles' campaigns, and they outnumbered the Ausonians. [146]
At the time, Faunus of Laurentum, who tormented by the savage Sicels, accepted Evander as an ally rather than an enemy. [147]
11.3 Descendants of Evander
After Evander emigrated, she married Nicostrate and had a son, Pallas. [148]
Nicostrate was a divine prophet who gave oracles and was also called Carmenta. [149]
Evander's mother, Themis, was also a seer and was also called Carmenta, so it is thought that her mother-in-law taught her techniques to her daughter-in-law. [150]
Pallas, son of Lycaon, son of Pelasgus, an ancestor of Themis, had a daughter named Chryse. She had a folklore about a mysterious religion. The art of divination seems to have been passed down through generations of women in the line of Pallas, son of Lycaon. [151]
In 1182 BC, Evander's son Pallas was killed on Aeneas' side in a battle between Aeneas and Turnus of the Rutulians. [152]
In 1154 BC, the descendants of the Arcadians, who had migrated with Evander, settled in Alba, founded by Ascanius, son of Aeneas. [153]
However, some of the Arcadians continued to live near the Palatine Hill. Faustulus, the adoptive father of Romulus, the founder of Rome, was one of them. [154]
11.4 Others
It is said that the people who spread Alphabet to Italy were the Arcadians who immigrated with Evander and greatly contributed to the prosperity of Rome. [155]
In the 2nd century AD, Antoninus, the 15th Roman emperor, recognized Evander's achievements by raising his native village of Pallantium in Arcadia to a city, granting it autonomy and exempting it from public taxes. [156]
The citizens of Pallantium then erected a statue of Evander. [157]
12 Emigration of Straton to Sicily (1240 BC)
In 1240 BC, Evander led a small group of immigrants from Pallantium in Arcadia, but the number grew considerably, including those who joined from Eleia. Faunus of Latium, with the help of Evander, slew Cacus, the son of Vulcanus (or Vulcan), the leader of the Sicels, and drove the Sicels to south. [158]
The Sicels, led by Straton, crossed the strait from the southern part of the Italian peninsula and migrated to Sicily. [159]
A considerable number of Sicels immigrated at this time, and the island formerly known as Sicania became known as Sicily. [160]
13 Emigration of Norax to Sardinia (1240 BC)
In 1240 BC, Norax, son of Erytheia, daughter of Geryones, migrated to Sardinia and founded the oldest town of Nora (near present-day Cape Pula) on the southern tip of the island. [161]
Norax is reportedly Iberian. However, it is assumed that he was a descendant of Maceris of Canopus in Egypt, who founded Heracleia (near present-day Algeciras) at the southern tip of the Iberian Peninsula and died there. [162]
Norax was originally from the region called Tartessus, centered on the Tartessus River (later Baetis, modern Guadalquivir) northwest of Heracleia. [163]
Gadeira (modern Cadiz) near the mouth of the Tartessus river and the opposite island were collectively called Erytheia, where Geryones kept many cattle. [164]
Geryones was born on the upper reaches of the Tartessus River, near the final resting place of Maceris, who was called Egyptian Heracles or Phoenician Heracles. Given that Geryones' grandson Norax settled in Sardinia before Iolaus' settlement, Norax seems to be about the same age as Amphitryon's son Heracles. [165]
14 Emigration of Oebalus to central Italy (1237 BC)
In 1237 BC, Heracles went on an expedition to Thesprotia. [166]
The Teleboans, who lived in Acarnania, migrated to the west coast of the Italian peninsula, led by Oebalus, son of Telon, and founded Capreae on an island near Neapolis. [167]
The Teleboans were a branch of the Leleges, named after Lelex, the founder of Lacedaemon. [168]
Lelex, son of Libya, was the uncle of Danaus, and the Leleges were a tribe of the Pelasgians. [169]
Later, Tiberius Caesar, the second Roman emperor, retired to Capreae. [170]
15 Iolaus colonizes Sardinia (1236 BC)
Heracles, son of Amphitryon, after capturing Ephyra in Thesprotia, instructed his nephew Iolaus to colonize Sardinia. [171]
In 1236 BC, Iolaus led an emigrant party to Sardinia consisting of the sons of daughters of Thespius, ruler of Thespiae of Boeotia (near modern-day Thespies). [172]
Iolaus cohabited with the Tyrrhenians who had already settled in northeastern Sardinia, founded Olbia (now Olbia), and then returned to Heracles. [173]
16 Emigration of Anchises to Sicily (1236 BC)
Hittite's Milawata letter (CTH 182) tells of a dispute over succession to the throne at Wilusa (Troy). [174]
According to Greek traditions, Aegestus, the son of the daughter of Phaenodamas, who was killed by Laomedon, came from Sicily to Troy during the Trojan War and returned to Sicily when Troy fell. [175]
This event appears to be related to the dispute over Troy's succession to the throne.
It is estimated as follows.
The death of King Laomedon of Troy led to a rebellion by the rightful heir to the throne.
The ringleader was Anchises, son of Capys, son of Assaracus, son of Tros.
Anchises summoned the rightful heir to the throne, Aegestus, from Sicily. [176]
The rebellion was successful, and Priam, son of Laomedon, defected to Miletus. [177]
Priam (Walmu) then returned to Troy with the help of the Hittite king.
After losing the battle with the Hittite army, Anchises fled to Sicily with Aegestus.
Antenor, son of Aesyetes, who sided with Anchises, migrated to the depths of the Adriatic Sea. [178]
Therefore, all pre-Sicily traditions about Aeneas, son of Anchises, appear to be fiction.
Aeneas is thought to have been born in Sicily. Aeneas was the late-born son of Anchises. [179]
Aegestus and his companion Elymus (or Elyuius) founded Aegesta (or Egesta) (now Segesta) and Elyma (or Eryx, now Erice) in the northwest of Sicily. [180]
17 Emigration of Iapyx to southern Italy (1235 BC)
It is said that in 1235 BC, Daedalus' son Iapyx led a group of immigrants from Crete to the southeastern part of the Italian peninsula and founded Hyria (present-day Oria). [181]
However, it is likely that the name Hyria was given by Messapus, who had settled in the region before Iapyx. It is thought to have been named after Hyria, which was founded in Boeotia by Messapus' grandfather Megassares. [182]
The sculptor Daedalus killed his disciple Talos (or Calos) and defected to Minos in Crete. [183]
Daedalus was a cousin of Theseus, son of Aegeus of Athens.
Daedalus took a wife from Gortyn and had a son, Iapyx. [184]
The river flowing near Hyria, where Iapyx settled, was the Iapyx River, the region was Iapygia, the cape was Iapygian Cape (now Capo di Leuca), and the inhabitants were called Iapygians (or Iapyges). [185]
The Iapygians also lived extensively in the southwestern part of the Italian peninsula, near later Croton (present-day Crotone). [186]
Botton, who was among the Iapyx emigrants, formed a new emigrant group and continued his journey, settling in Bottiaea of Macedonia. [187]
Among the Botton emigrants were young men sent from Athens as tribute to Minos in Crete. [188]
18 Emigration of Cleolaus to central Italy (1235 BC)
Cleolaus, the son of Minos, who was among the Iapyx emigrants, led a new group of emigrants to settle in Apulia, in the southeastern part of the Italian peninsula. Cleolaus called his tribe the Daunii, after his son Daunus. [189]
Euippe, daughter of Daunus, son of Cleolaus, married Diomedes, son of Tydeus, who had migrated to Apulia with the Aetolians. [190]
19 Emigration of Iolaus to Sardinia (1216 BC)
After Heracles' death, Iolaus defeated Eurystheus of Mycenae, who had invaded Athens, and protected Heracles' sons. [191]
In 1216 BC, after completing his role as protector of the sons of Heracles, Iolaus recruited immigrants in Athens and returned to Sardinia with a group of immigrants. The Athenians founded Ogryle (location unknown). [192]
Iolaus then ended his life in Sardinia without returning to Greece. [193]
20 Emigration of Halaesus to central Italy (1187 BC)
In 1187 BC, Halaesus, son of Agamemnon, was expelled from Mycenae by Aegisthus, son of Thyestes, during Agamemnon's expedition to Troy, and migrated to the Italian peninsula. He settled in the town later known as Falerii (now Civita Castellana), north of Rome on the Flaminian road. [194]
Halaesus' control also appears to have extended to Alsium, about 46 km south-southwest of Falerii. [195]
In 1182 BC, a battle took place between Aeneas and the Rutulians of Ardea in Latium. Halaesus was slain by Pallas, son of Evander, on the side of Turnus, king of the Rutulians. [196]
The Rutulians were descendants of Danae, daughter of Acrisius, king of Argos, who had driven out the Tyrrhenians and also settled near Falerii. [197]
It is assumed that Halaesus was given land by his fellow Rutulians.
21 Emigration of Diomedes to central Italy (1184 BC)
In 1184 BC, Tydeus' son Diomedes, after returning from Troy, learned of the infidelity of his wife, Aegialia (or Egiale), daughter of Adrastus, and moved to Apulia on the eastern coast of the Italian peninsula. [198]
After emigrating, Diomedes married Euippe, daughter of Daunus, ruler of Apulia. [199]
Daunus was the son of Cleolaus, son of Minos. [200]
Cleolaus, along with Daedalus' son Iapyx, settled in southern Italy from Crete. Cleolaus named his tribe Daunii after his son. [201]
Diomedes founded Argyrippe (now Foggia), Canusium (now Canosa), and Sipus (now Manfredonia). [202]
In 1182 BC, Diomedes received a request for reinforcements from Turnus, king of the Rutulians of Ardea, but he did not respond. [203]
Strabon presents four theories about Diomedes' final moments. [204]
First, Diomedes was recalled to his homeland of Argos, where he died.
Second, Diomedes died in Apulia.
Third, Diomedes went missing on a deserted island off the coast of Apulia.
Fourth, Diomedes died in the land of Heneti, in the deepest part of the Adriatic Sea.
There is the following legend as a clue to guessing Diomedes' final moments.
Diomedes' wife Euippe had a brother named Alaenus. [205]
Therefore, Diomedes was not Daunus's heir, but merely his son-in-law.
Also, the Aetolians who migrated with Diomedes migrated to the southeast and founded Brundisium (present-day Brindisi). However, they were chased from there as well by the Apulians. [206]
From this, it is assumed that there was a conflict between Diomedes and other settlers and the indigenous people.
It is also said that a funeral competition for Diomedes was held by Daunus, at which the Greeks were killed. [207]
The 4th century BC philosopher Aristotle tells us that his companions were shipwrecked near the island of Diomedeia, when Diomedes was murdered by the local king Aeneas. [208]
In Diomedeia (supposedly the present-day San Domino in Tremiti Islands), which lies 20 km off the coast of Apulia, there was a temple of Diomedes and a tomb of Diomedes under a plane tree. [209]
From the above, it can be inferred that Diomedes' final moments were as follows.
There was a conflict between the settlers, including Diomedes, and the natives, including Daunus, and Diomedes was tricked and killed. Diomedes' companions fled to sea, but were shipwrecked near Diomedeia, and buried his body on the island.
22 Emigration of Aeneas to central Italy (1184 BC)
In the summer of 1184 BC, Aeneas, son of Anchises, landed near Laurentum. [210]
At the time, Aeneas was in his mid-thirties and had a son, Ascanius. [211]
The ruler of Laurentum was Latinus, son of Faunus, in the 35th year of his reign. [212]
In 1182 BC, Aeneas married Latinus' daughter Lavinia, but their marriage leads to a war with Turnus, king of the Rutulians. Latinus was killed in battle and Aeneas inherited Laurentium. [213]
In 1179 BC, Aeneas was killed in battle against the revolting Rutulians, and his son Ascanius succeeded Laurentum. [214]
End
